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However, there is limited research using laboratory-based observations of temperament and \u201cgold-standard\u201d assessments of psychiatric disorders across early adolescence and young adulthood. Using a multimethod, prospective longitudinal study (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 291), we investigated whether temperament (i.e., behavioral inhibition [BI], exuberance) observed at 24 and 36 months predicted the likelihood of psychiatric disorders across adolescence\/young adulthood. Results suggested that early childhood BI was not predictive of anxiety diagnosis over time; however, exuberance predicted attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder at ages 12, 15, and 18 years. Results add to prior work that has rarely found direct relations between early temperament and psychopathology and highlight early adolescence\/young adulthood as a vulnerable time for the development of psychopathology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026251315150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T07:40:05Z","timestamp":1787643605000},"page":"696-708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temperament as a Risk Factor for Clinical Diagnosis During the Transition From Childhood Through Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A 16-Year Multimethod Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, American University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-0129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong N. 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