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In a prospective sample (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 161; 73% Black or multiracial; 46.0% male) with prenatal substance exposure, we characterized heterogeneity in maternal and early adolescent (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 13.26 years,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.88) reports of CU traits using latent profile analysis. A three-profile solution was selected: low maternal\/average youth rating (26.40%), moderate risk (52.11%), and high risk (21.49%). The high-risk profile demonstrated the highest levels of late adolescent (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 15.08 years,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.83) aggression. Regarding temperament and early childhood environmental risk (1\u201360 months) predictors, the moderate-risk profile had the highest levels of toddlerhood fear. At high child responsiveness, higher violence exposure was associated with greater odds of high- or moderate-risk profile membership, aligned with a secondary pathway to CU traits. There was also some support for a primary temperament pathway to youth-reported CU traits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026251339196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T07:35:12Z","timestamp":1787643312000},"page":"676-695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Heterogeneity in Callous-Unemotional Traits: Early Temperamental and Environmental Risk Factors in a High-Risk Sample"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin J.","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie M.","family":"Ostrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie T.","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda B.","family":"Nickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Schuetze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Buffalo State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Godleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina D.","family":"Eiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University"},{"name":"Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. 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