{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:34:40Z","timestamp":1793424880998,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Providing a comprehensive review of spinal cord injury cost of illness studies to assist health-service planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of the literature published from Jan. 1990 to Nov. 2020 via Pubmed, EMBASE, and NHS Economic Evaluation Database. Our primary outcomes were overall direct health care costs of SCI during acute care, inpatient rehabilitation, within the first year post-injury, and in the ensuing years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through a 2-phase screening process by independent reviewers, 30 articles out of 6177 identified citations were included. Cost of care varied widely with the mean cost of acute care ranging from $290 to $612,590; inpatient rehabilitation from $19,360 to $443,040; the first year after injury from $32,240 to $1,156,400; and the ensuing years from $4,490 to $251,450. Variations in reported costs were primarily due to neurological level of injury, study location, methodological heterogeneities, cost definitions, study populations, and timeframes. A cervical level of the injury, ASIA grade A and B, concomitant injuries, and in-hospital complications were associated with the greatest incremental effect in cost burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The economic burden of SCI is generally high and cost figures are broadly higher for developed countries. As studies were only available in few countries, the generalizability of the cost estimates to a regional or global level is only limited to countries with similar economic status and health systems. Further investigations with standardized methodologies are required to fill the knowledge gaps in the healthcare economics of SCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211031190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T17:31:10Z","timestamp":1626888670000},"page":"1267-1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Direct Cost of Illness for Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1309-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Malekzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Golpayegani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Ghodsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Sadeghi-Naini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadhossein","family":"Asgardoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1882-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vali","family":"Baigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Neurosurgery, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7347-8767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vafa","family":"Rahimi-Movaghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.08.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","article-title":"The economic cost of spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury in Australia","author":"Economics A","unstructured":"Economics A. 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