{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:09:29Z","timestamp":1777658969158,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cadaveric biomechanics study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subchondral bone mineral density (sBMD) reflects the long-term mineralization and distribution of stress on joints. The use of 3-dimensional (3-D) methods to evaluate sBMD, including computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry (CT-OAM), enables the assessment of density distribution with emphasis on subchondral bone. This study sought to measure the sBMD of cervical endplates using CT-OAM and correlate it to mechanical implant subsidence in a cadaveric model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fourteen fresh human cadaveric cervical spines were subjected to dynamic testing after single level discectomy and instrumentation using a PEEK interbody spacer. Specimens were imaged with CT 3 times: 1st) whole intact cervical spine, 2nd) after implantation, and 3\u2009\n                      <jats:sup>rd)<\/jats:sup>\n                      after testing. These images were used to assess sBMD distributions using CT-OAM directly underneath the spacer. Subsidence was defined as the displacement of the device into the endplates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed \u201cfailure mode\u201d was consistently recorded as subsidence, with a mean of 0.45 \u00b1 0.36\u2009mm and 0.40 \u00b1 0.18\u2009mm for the C4-5 and C6-7 levels, respectively. There were no differences by level. The experimental cyclic test showed that denser endplates experienced less deformation under the same load.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study achieved its stated aim of validating the use of CT-OAM as a method to analyze the sBMD of the cervical endplates. Studies such as this are providing new information on available technology such as CT-OAM, providing new tools for clinicians treating spinal conditions in need of augmentation and stabilization via interbody devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211034845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T06:09:05Z","timestamp":1627366145000},"page":"1374-1383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["CT Osteoabsorptiometry Assessment of Subchondral Bone Density Predicts Intervertebral Implant Subsidence in a Human ACDF Cadaver Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alejandro A. Espinoza","family":"Or\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4339-6079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"Sheha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9969-5815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athan","family":"Zavras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 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