{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:06:42Z","timestamp":1791976002169,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81874027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81874027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions","award":["312200102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312200102"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province and Chengdu","award":["2021YFSY0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFSY0003"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province and Chengdu","award":["2018SZDZX0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018SZDZX0013"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province and Chengdu","award":["2019-YF08-00186-GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-YF08-00186-GX"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020207","name":"Health Commission of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19PJ104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19PJ104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020207","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Incubation project of West China Hospital of Sichuan University","award":["2021HXFH036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021HXFH036"]}]},{"name":"135-project for disciplines of excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005150","name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019PT320025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019PT320025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005150","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The major Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2022YFS0051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparative study<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare manual and deep learning-based automated measurement of Cobb angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We proposed a fully automated framework to measure the Cobb angle of AIS patients. Whole-spine images of 500 AIS individuals were collected. 200 digital radiographic (DR) images were labeled manually as training set, and the remaining 300 images were used to validate by mean absolute error (MAE), Pearson or spearman correlation coefficients, and intra\/interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The relationship between accuracy of vertebral boundary identification and the subjective image quality score was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PT, MT, and TL\/L Cobb angles were measured by the automated framework within 300 milliseconds. Remarkable 2.92\u00b0 MAE, .967 ICC, and high correlation coefficient (r = .972) were obtained for the major curve. The MAEs of PT, MT, and TL\/L were 3.04\u00b0, 2.72\u00b0, and 2.53\u00b0, respectively. The ICCs of these 3 curves were .936, .977, and .964, respectively. 88.7% (266\/300) of cases had a difference range of \u00b15\u00b0, with 84.3% (253\/300) for PT, 89.7% (269\/300) for MT, and 93.0% (279\/300) for TL\/L. The decreased bone\/soft tissue contrast (2.94 vs 3.26; P=.039) and bone sharpness (2.97 vs 3.35; P=.029) were identified in the images with MAE exceeding 5\u00b0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The fully automated framework not only identifies the vertebral boundaries, vertebral sequences, the upper\/lower end vertebras and apical vertebra, but also calculates the Cobb angle of PT, MT, and TL\/L curves sequentially. The framework would shed new light on the assessment of AIS curvature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221098672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T13:06:53Z","timestamp":1653656813000},"page":"159-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Comparison of Convolutional Neural Networks and the Manual Measurement of Cobb Angle in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2332-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianming","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 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Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanhe","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7925-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunguang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganjun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 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