{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T19:32:10Z","timestamp":1782588730233,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegia Foundation","award":["FoKo_2019_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FoKo_2019_01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001708","name":"International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P 190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swdsiss National Science Foundation","award":["205321_182683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205321_182683"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a broad variability in the definition of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and no standardized set of diagnostic criteria to date.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We interrogated the Myelopathy.org database, a hand-indexed database of primary clinical studies conducted exclusively on DCM in humans between 2005-2021. The DCM inclusion criteria used in these studies were inputted into 3 topic modeling algorithms: Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and BERtopic. The emerging topics were subjected to manual labeling and interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1676 reports, 120 papers (7.16%) had well-defined inclusion criteria and were subjected to topic modeling. Four topics emerged from the HDP model: disturbance from extremity weakness and motor signs; fine-motor and sensory disturbance of upper extremity; a combination of imaging and clinical findings is required for the diagnosis; and \u201creinforcing\u201d (or modifying) factors that can aid in the diagnosis in borderline cases. The LDA model showed the following topics: disturbance to the patient is required for the diagnosis; reinforcing factors can aid in the diagnosis in borderline cases; clinical findings from the extremities; and a combination of imaging and clinical findings is required for the diagnosis. BERTopic identified the following topics: imaging abnormality, typical clinical features, range of objective criteria, and presence of clinical findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review provides quantifiable data that only a minority of past studies in DCM provided meaningful inclusion criteria. The items and patterns found here are very useful for the development of diagnostic criteria for DCM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682241237469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T15:15:55Z","timestamp":1709651755000},"page":"2155-2169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Scoping Review with Topic Modeling on the Diagnostic Criteria for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Matsoukas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Moritz","family":"Zipser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freschta","family":"Zipser-Mohammadzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Kheram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2908-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Boraschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Tetreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Langone Health, Graduate Medical Education, New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5722-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G.","family":"Fehlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0591-5069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myelopathy.org, International Charity for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3715-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Margetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-21925682241237469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221111780"},{"key":"bibr2-21925682241237469","first-page":"43","volume":"91","author":"Gibson J","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yale J Biol 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