{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T01:05:05Z","timestamp":1793667905668,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate representation of countries and gross national income (GNI) at major international spine conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 50 most attended spine conferences were identified via ChatGPT. Conferences were excluded if they (1) reference\/are held in a single country, (2) emphasize one technique, (3) emphasize neurosurgery\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">or<\/jats:italic>\n                      orthopaedic spine, (4) have &lt;2\u00a0years of conference programs available. Programs were reviewed (2022-2024) to identify invited speakers\/award recipients, executive board members, and committee members and their country of practice. Countries were assigned GNI\/capita from World Bank data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eurospine, GSC, IMAST, ISASS, NASS, and SRS met inclusion criteria (1462 unique invited speakers\/awardees). Other than Eurospine, board members were predominantly from Northern America. Speakers were most commonly from Northern America (56.2%), with no representation from Southern Africa and Central Asia. Speakers were overwhelmingly from high-income countries (89.7%) with none from low-income countries. Speakers at GSC were the most globally representative, with 68.8% from countries diverse from GSC\u2019s executive board. GSC and NASS had the greatest representation from lower-middle (9.7%) and upper-middle income countries (30.4%), respectively. USA and Germany had 867 (59.4%) invitees, while all of Africa had four. Committee members followed similar trends compared to invited speakers for region, country, and GNI\/capita representation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amongst major international conferences, a preponderance of invited speakers and committee members were from a small number of regions, particularly Northern America and Western Europe. Most speakers and committee members practice in high-income countries, with no representation from low-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682251340033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T03:11:19Z","timestamp":1747365079000},"page":"171-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterizing the Representation of Different Global Regions and National Income-Levels Amongst Invited Speakers and Committee Members at Major International Spine Surgery Conferences"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7452-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dalton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1396-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joydeep","family":"Baidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7683-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarod","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Herczeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Oris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajkishen","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7751-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniy V.","family":"Uvarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyur","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2152-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Canseco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-9687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan S.","family":"Hilibrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Kepler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"Connelly. 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