{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:23:13Z","timestamp":1791498193880,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective pre\u2013post interventional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effects of epidural spinal cord stimulation (ESCS) combined with task-specific rehabilitation on mobility, sitting balance, bladder control, lower limb strength, and postural stability in individuals with spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifteen participants with chronic thoracic SCI received daily ESCS sessions combined with physiotherapy and Tyromotion-based robotic balance training for 8 weeks. Outcome measures included: Timed Up and Go (TUG) test for mobility, Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II for ambulatory function, Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score for bladder control, Manual Muscle Testing for knee extension strength, and anterior\u2013posterior displacement for postural stability and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) for spasticity from\n                      <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All participants successfully completed the study. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test time significantly improved from 430.25 \u00b1 265.2 seconds to 141.9 \u00b1 92.6 seconds (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) score increased markedly from 0.07 \u00b1 0.26 to 6.07 \u00b1 1.03 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Antero-posterior (AP) displacement during standing balance decreased from 18.2 \u00b1 3.5\u00a0mm to 11.4 \u00b1 2.9\u00a0mm (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), indicating enhanced static postural control. The Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score (NBSS) improved significantly, reducing from 24.05 \u00b1 6.91 to 7.4 \u00b1 5.08 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) of knee extension increased from 0.25 \u00b1 0.44 to 3.85 \u00b1 0.37 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Finally, the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) scores were significantly reduced from\n                      <jats:bold>3.6<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u00b1\n                      <jats:bold>0.257<\/jats:bold>\n                      to\n                      <jats:bold>1.26<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u00b1\n                      <jats:bold>0.<\/jats:bold>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), reflecting decreased lower limb spasticity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ESCS with Tyromotion significantly improves motor strength, trunk balance, gait function, and bladder control in thoracic SCI. These findings support task-specific therapies in SCI recovery programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682251389598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:27:43Z","timestamp":1762543663000},"page":"1854-1868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combined Epidural Stimulation and Virtual Reality Rehabilitation for Comprehensive Neuromotor Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Single Arm Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4015-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surbhi","family":"Kaura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences Galgotias University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahiduz","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health 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