{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T21:26:36Z","timestamp":1793568396883,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Spine Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature review with clinical recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To highlight impactful studies on the management of spinal tuberculosis (STB), identified by the AO Spine Knowledge Forum Trauma and Infection group, with recommendations for their integration into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four studies addressing key phases of STB management \u2014 imaging diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, surgical indication and approach, and imaging-based healed status \u2014 were reviewed. Consensus recommendations of the KF opinion leaders were graded as strong or conditional following the GRADE methodology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Altini et al evaluated the diagnostic value of MRI and FDG-PET\/CT in spondylodiscitis including STB; we conditionally recommend FDG-PET\/CT as an adjunctive imaging modality when MRI is inconclusive, contraindicated, or limited by artifact. Hu et al developed a multivariable laboratory prediction model based on seven routine indices for early STB diagnosis, achieving an AUC of 0.947; we conditionally recommend this model as an adjunctive screening tool when definitive microbiological testing is delayed or unavailable. Tang et al compared anterior-only, posterior-only, and combined surgical approaches in thoracolumbar STB; we conditionally recommend a posterior-only approach as the preferred surgical strategy in most cases requiring operative treatment. Mittal et al evaluated FDG-PET\/CT and contrast MRI for defining healed status and guiding treatment completion; we conditionally recommend FDG-PET\/CT as an adjunctive tool when the treatment endpoint remains uncertain or MRI is limited by metallic implants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review provides spine surgeons and clinicians with evidence-based, expert-graded recommendations to enhance standardization and effectiveness across the key clinical decision points in spinal tuberculosis management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682261474130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:11:57Z","timestamp":1785471117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AO Spine Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management of Spinal Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8943-5817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Scherer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4520-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Dandurand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PGIMER"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atiq","family":"Uz Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5684-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaston","family":"Camino-Willhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policl\u00ednica Gipuzkoa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6177-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"El-Sharkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assiut University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bransford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Washington"},{"name":"Harborview Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvinder","family":"Singh Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine and Rehabilitation centre, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2645-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei F.","family":"Joaquim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Campinas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian F.","family":"Bigdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inselspital University of Bern"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.M.00130"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08655-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"e2065","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, radiographical and histopathological characteristics in patients with spinal tuberculosis in the context of HIV infection: An analysis of 52 patients from a South African tertiary hospital","volume":"114","author":"Scherer J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scherer J, Locketz M, Castelein S, Dunn R, Held M, Thienemann F. 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