{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:45:27Z","timestamp":1785782727937,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Spine Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised controlled study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Evaporative cooling of surgical wounds during open surgery was overlooked as a modifiable factor in reducing surgical site infections (SSIs). HumiGard\n                      <jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>\n                      is a system which delivers warm and humidified air to the wound bed intraoperatively. This study investigated the potential for HumiGard\n                      <jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>\n                      to reduce bacterial load in a porcine model of spine surgery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Open spine surgery was simulated in a porcine model. The wound surface was inoculated with \u223c10\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL of Staphylococcus aureus and remained exposed for 180 minutes to the ambient theatre conditions (control) or warm humidified air (HumiGard) (n=6 per group). Wounds were closed and re-opened three days post-surgery to collect muscle biopsies for bacterial enumeration and histological analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The growth of Staphylococcus aureus was 84% less in the HumiGard muscles than control at Day-3 post-surgery (p=0.041). Large bacterial colonies infiltrated the deeper muscle tissues in control, while the HumiGard muscles had smaller bacterial colonies confined to the superficial zone. Neutrophil proportion in the HumiGard group (34% \u00b1 5.1%) was lower than control (65% \u00b1 6.1%) (p=0.005). In contrast, HumiGard tissues had a higher proportion of mononuclear cells (66% \u00b1 5.1%) than control (35% \u00b1 6.1%) (p=0.005), implying a transition from the pro-inflammatory to the reparative stage of wound healing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this animal study, maintaining physiological temperature and humidity while the wounds were open reduced bacterial growth and advanced the wound healing process. HumiGard may offer a protective benefit by reducing the risk of SSIs following open spine surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682261475600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T15:04:50Z","timestamp":1785596690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surgical Humidification (HumiGard\n                    <sup>TM<\/sup>\n                    ) Reduces Bacterial Load in an Open Spine Animal Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epworth Richmond"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Manners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middlemore Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisher and Paykel Healthcare Ltd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisher and Paykel Healthcare Ltd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8518-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waikato Hospital"},{"name":"University of Auckland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08471-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpsur.2021.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24075"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","volume-title":"Spine Surgical Site Infections","author":"Moore DW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moore DW, Forsthoefel C. 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