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RNA therapies, and particularly antisense oligonucleotides, offer a palette of therapeutic strategies to either reduce the production of harmful proteins or to restore or increase protein expression. Consequently, they offer therapeutic promise for multiple forms of muscular dystrophies. This review outlines the different RNA therapy types considered for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy, emphasizing the strategies used to deliver these therapies to skeletal muscle with a focus on approaches that have reached the clinical trial stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/22143602251324858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T05:08:19Z","timestamp":1743138499000},"page":"156-166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antisense RNA therapies for muscular dystrophies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Arechavala-Gomeza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nucleic Acid Therapeutics for Rare Diseases (NAT-RD), Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain"},{"name":"Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nucleic Acid Therapeutics for Rare Diseases (NAT-RD), Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1565-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemieke","family":"Aartsma-Rus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32910-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12251"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202013243"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201607199"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2014.0506"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.18.8673"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/oli.1.1997.7.187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2023.29242.ddu"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00326-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.15.1547"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20918"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm897"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.1.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60756-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23982"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011367"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2016.0657"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2006.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.1272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0033-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"121","volume-title":"RNA","author":"Soblechero-Mart\u00edn P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soblechero-Mart\u00edn P, Arechavala-Gomeza V. 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