{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:54:42Z","timestamp":1782604482403,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence is the future of clinical practice and is increasingly utilized in medical management and clinical research. The release of ChatGPT3 in 2022 brought generative AI to the headlines and rekindled public interest in software agents that would complete repetitive tasks and save time. Artificial intelligence\/machine learning underlies applications and devices which are assisting clinicians in the diagnosis, monitoring, formulation of prognosis, and treatment of patients with a spectrum of neuromuscular diseases. However, these applications have remained in the research sphere, and neurologists as a specialty are running the risk of falling behind other clinical specialties which are quicker to embrace these new technologies. While there are many comprehensive reviews on the use of artificial intelligence\/machine learning in medicine, our aim is to provide a simple and practical primer to educate clinicians on the basics of machine learning. This will help clinicians specializing in neuromuscular and electrodiagnostic medicine to understand machine learning applications in nerve and muscle ultrasound, MRI imaging, electrical impendence myography, nerve conductions and electromyography and clinical cohort studies, and the limitations, pitfalls, regulatory and ethical concerns, and future directions. The question is not whether artificial intelligence\/machine learning will change clinical practice, but when and how. How future neurologists will look back upon this period of transition will be determined not by how much changed or by how fast clinicians embraced this change but by how much patient outcomes were improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/22143602251329240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T13:11:44Z","timestamp":1743513104000},"page":"20-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A neuromuscular clinician\u2019s primer on machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Crystal Jing","family":"Jing Yeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savitha","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Joel Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xora Innovation, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonakshi","family":"Nag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"LKC School of Medicine, Imperial College London and NTU Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8574-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.355982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23333928241234863"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41649-019-00096-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3450"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4914"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2214184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2301725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2302038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2206291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05067-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"ChatGPT LLM \u2013 OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/chatgpt\/ (accessed 8 January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Claude LLM \u2013 Anthropic. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/claude (accessed 8 January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"Llama LLM - Meta. 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