{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:25:04Z","timestamp":1768476304578,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cognitive changes in type 1 myotonic dystrophy (DM1) have a pronounced negative effect on quality of life measures. Despite this, the neural basis of these changes is poorly understood. DM1 patients demonstrate deficits in motivation and cognitive flexibility, reflective of apathy and obsessive-compulsive \/ autistic-like traits.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These traits can be readily assessed using reversal learning and appetitive extinction tasks. Reversal learning assesses the ability to learn following a change in a rule and can evaluate cognitive flexibility and habitual responding, while appetitive extinction assesses the ability to suppress a stimulus-action response following the change in the stimulus-reward relationship from rewarded to non-rewarded.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this study we evaluated the performance of a mouse model of DM1, the DMSXL mouse in reversal learning and appetitive extinction tasks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Similar to C57\/BL6 wild type (WT) mice, DMSXL mice were able to learn stimulus reward relationships, however, in the late phase of reversal learning experiment DMSXL mice demonstrated increased habit-like behavior (increased number of correct responses). Following rule switching, DMSXL mice produced an increased number of errors compared to WT and showed increased latency to deliver correct responses. In the extinction task, DMSXL mice showed the ability to more rapidly extinguish a previously rewarded response than WT mice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings constitute differences in cognitive flexibility, rule learning and motivation between DMSXL and WT mice which may inform our understanding of cognitive changes in DM1.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/22143602251339350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T07:05:02Z","timestamp":1747897502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Altered reversal and extinction learning in the DMSXL mouse model of type I myotonic dystrophy (DM1): An exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-7445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia","family":"Nieuwenhuis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denys","family":"Kozakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasia","family":"Kapusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Gourdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Inserm, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de recherche en Myologie, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2371-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey C","family":"Glennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.158261"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001340"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920210790886844"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00751"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-180310"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Myotonic dystrophy: major problems in neurology","volume":"23","author":"Harper PS","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harper PS, Saunders WB. 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