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Phenotype varies from asymptomatic to severe; manifestations may include muscle weakness, scoliosis, cardiac involvement, loss of ambulation, respiratory impairment, cognitive dysfunction, and premature death. This study aimed to characterize the frequency and age at occurrence of these milestones.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature review (SLR) was refreshed in 2022 using MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify articles describing the natural history of BMD. The proportion of patients experiencing clinical milestones was reported by \u2018life-stage\u2019 age groups (0\u201317; 18\u201340; 41+ years) using patient-level data from the general BMD population; age at each milestone's occurrence as mean (standard deviation [SD]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 4948 abstracts screened, 121 publications were included. Among 36 general BMD population studies, by age 41+ years (lifetime-risk proxy), 93.6% experienced muscle weakness; 69.4% cardiac involvement; 55.6% scoliosis; 47.4% loss of ambulation; and 33.3% ventilation. Decreased cognitive function or cognitive dysfunction were reported in 41% across all ages. Among those experiencing milestones (79 studies), mean (SD) age at symptom onset was 12.5 (9.7); muscle weakness, 19.9 (11.7); scoliosis, 24.9 (3.1); cardiac involvement, 31.9 (13.4); loss of ambulation, 33.3 (13.5); ventilation, 35.7 (12.2); and death at 55.6 (19.4) years. Data availability ranged from three to 1079 patients\/outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This SLR highlights the variability in disease presentation in BMD. Stratifying BMD populations into phenotype groups based on the full spectrum of clinical manifestations may better capture disease progression and enhance comparability across studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Included clinical trials:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01070511 (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01070511\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01070511<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ), ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02147639 (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02147639?term=Becker%2520Muscular%2520Dystrophy%2526intr=Sodium%2520Nitrate%2526rank=3\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02147639?term=Becker%20Muscular%20Dystrophy&amp;intr=Sodium%20Nitrate&amp;rank=3<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ), ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01350154 and EudraCT number: 2010\u2013024659-10 (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01350154?term=NCT01350154%2526rank=1\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01350154?term=NCT01350154&amp;rank=1<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu\/ctr-search\/trial\/2010-024659-10\/results\">https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu\/ctr-search\/trial\/2010-024659-10\/results<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/22143602261420045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:41:06Z","timestamp":1770831666000},"page":"1140-1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The natural history of Becker muscular dystrophy: A systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2884-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis T","family":"Mickle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadstreet HEOR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karissa M","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadstreet HEOR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6970-7045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen L","family":"Ricchetti-Masterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sarepta Therapeutics Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0386-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadstreet HEOR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2129-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah GC","family":"Korpach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadstreet HEOR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6382-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine L","family":"Gooch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sarepta Therapeutics Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00638.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00585-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00858725"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040241"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu537"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-02996-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01430-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"Darras BT. 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