{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:23:47Z","timestamp":1787509427764,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Public Health Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies of ASD children have mainly focused on pragmatics, but research showed they have problems in other language dimensions. The present systematic review aims to analyze the literature related to linguistic and metalinguistic studies to determine linguistic characteristics and their correlation with reading and writing. After reviewing 43 articles founded, the studies were divided into four main categories: descriptive, comparative, linguistic, and finally nonlinguistic interventional studies. 42% of studies are descriptive, 14% were comparative, and 5% were about the effect of linguistic and metalinguistic training on reading and writing. Studies on the effect of other training on linguistic and metalinguistic skills were about 39% of the studies. They have deficiencies in different linguistic and metalinguistic skills, especially grammar. There were no studies investigating the relationship between linguistic and metalinguistic abilities. The relationship between language and reading skills has been neglected and only one study has examined the correlation between phonological awareness and reading skills. Thus, there is a serious gap in metalinguistic studies. However, it is necessary to study these relationships due to the change in the reading education system from a phonological to a lexical path in schools. The effect of nonlinguistic interventions has been studied more than linguistic ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/22799036231189068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T08:50:25Z","timestamp":1690793425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Linguistic and metalinguistic characteristics of Persian-speaking children with autistic spectrum disorders: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hourieh","family":"Ahadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helia","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Fekar Gharamaleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-22799036231189068","first-page":"109","volume-title":"The crisis in youth mental health: critical issues and effective programs","volume":"1","author":"Akshoomoff NSA","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr3-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(91)90117-J"},{"key":"bibr4-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2011.584690"},{"key":"bibr5-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0587-1"},{"key":"bibr6-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640802564648"},{"key":"bibr7-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.6.1219"},{"key":"bibr8-22799036231189068","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Neurobiology of infantile autism","author":"Allen DA","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr9-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1823-x"},{"key":"bibr10-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820903461493"},{"key":"bibr11-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0983-1"},{"key":"bibr12-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361397011007"},{"key":"bibr13-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0035)"},{"key":"bibr14-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0910-5"},{"key":"bibr15-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10489223.2016.1179741"},{"key":"bibr16-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537724"},{"key":"bibr17-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2011.645555"},{"key":"bibr18-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0239-2"},{"key":"bibr19-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2487-5"},{"key":"bibr20-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00320"},{"key":"bibr21-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32598\/irj.17.3.187"},{"issue":"22","key":"bibr22-22799036231189068","first-page":"77","volume":"11","author":"Ahadi H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lang Linguist"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr23-22799036231189068","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Ahadi H","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lang Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr24-22799036231189068","first-page":"73","volume":"10","author":"Ahadi H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lang Relat Res"},{"key":"bibr25-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0510-1"},{"key":"bibr26-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4113.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr27-22799036231189068","volume-title":"Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields","author":"Kmet LM","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr28-22799036231189068","volume-title":"Evaluation and description of language and communication disorders in children with autism: a case study of 15 Persian-speaking children aged 7 to 10 years","author":"Pourdad V","year":"2017"},{"issue":"15","key":"bibr29-22799036231189068","first-page":"131","volume":"7","author":"Falahi MH","year":"2015","journal-title":"ZABANPAZHUHI (J Lang Res)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr30-22799036231189068","first-page":"119","volume":"3","author":"Sobhani-rad D","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Clin Psychol Couns"},{"key":"bibr31-22799036231189068","volume-title":"Evaluation of the performance of children with autism spectrum in the field of language application compared to normal children","author":"Tutoni S","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr32-22799036231189068","volume-title":"Evaluation of language disorders in children with autism","author":"Khalilkhaneh M","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr33-22799036231189068","first-page":"267","volume":"2","author":"Hojjati M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr34-22799036231189068","first-page":"62","volume":"8","author":"Roohparvar R","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mod Rehabil"},{"key":"bibr35-22799036231189068","volume-title":"Comparison of language characteristics of children with autism with normal children","author":"Karami M","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr36-22799036231189068","volume-title":"Evaluation of language disorders in children with autism","author":"Mashhadi Ibrahim F","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr37-22799036231189068","first-page":"135","volume":"11","author":"Sarshar N","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lang Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr38-22799036231189068","first-page":"98","volume":"10","author":"Ahadi H","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mod Rehabil"},{"issue":"35","key":"bibr39-22799036231189068","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Mojahedi Rezaeian S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Except Individ"},{"key":"bibr40-22799036231189068","unstructured":"Roohparvar R, Karami M, Madadi M. Comparison of semantic and pragmatics characteristics of speech in children with autism and healthy. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Allameh Tabatabai University, 2012."},{"key":"bibr41-22799036231189068","volume-title":"A comparative study of the perception of descriptive categories between normal children and children with high performance of Persian language with a calendar age of 7-9 years","author":"Ebrahimipour F","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr42-22799036231189068","first-page":"69","volume":"8","author":"Taghikhan K","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Res J"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr43-22799036231189068","first-page":"79","volume":"6","author":"Ahadi H","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Paramed Sci Rehabil"},{"key":"bibr44-22799036231189068","volume-title":"Relationship between language pragmatics, executive functions and adaptive behavior with each other and moderating role of adaptive behavior in the relationship between executive functions and language pragmatics","author":"Razavi F","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr45-22799036231189068","first-page":"58","volume":"6","author":"Fayazi L","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mod Rehabil"},{"issue":"13","key":"bibr46-22799036231189068","first-page":"103","volume":"4","author":"Rafiee SM","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mod Psychol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr47-22799036231189068","first-page":"67","volume":"11","author":"Rafiei SM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Rehabil"},{"key":"bibr48-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32598\/JCCNC.6.3.322.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr49-22799036231189068","volume":"7","author":"Azizi M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Res J"},{"key":"bibr50-22799036231189068","volume-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of superior hand manipulation exercises on the expressive and perceptual language of children with autism spectrum disorder","author":"Mohammadi S","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr51-22799036231189068","first-page":"12","volume":"15","author":"Ferdosi N","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr52-22799036231189068","first-page":"74","volume":"23","author":"Ferdosi N","year":"2014","journal-title":"Audit Vestib Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr53-22799036231189068","first-page":"239","volume":"7","author":"Yarmand H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lang Rel Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr54-22799036231189068","first-page":"47","volume":"18","author":"Yarmand H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr55-22799036231189068","first-page":"9","volume":"2","author":"Yarmand H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr56-22799036231189068","first-page":"176","volume":"22","author":"Azimi Garousi S","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychol Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr57-22799036231189068","first-page":"137","volume":"17","author":"Poushaneh K","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Except Child"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr58-22799036231189068","first-page":"4877","volume":"5","author":"Hojjati M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"issue":"34","key":"bibr59-22799036231189068","first-page":"109","volume":"12","author":"Miri M","year":"2020","journal-title":"ZABANPAZHUHI (J Lang Res)"},{"issue":"55","key":"bibr60-22799036231189068","first-page":"4","volume":"11","author":"Pour-Ismaili Z","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr61-22799036231189068","first-page":"87","volume":"17","author":"Ghasemi S","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Except Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr62-22799036231189068","volume":"21","author":"Rabiee A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aud Vestib Res"},{"key":"bibr63-22799036231189068","volume-title":"The effectiveness of teaching linguistic games on the language functions of high-functioning autistic children","author":"Khosravi A","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr64-22799036231189068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2021.2308"},{"key":"bibr65-22799036231189068","author":"Bahrami B","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Res Rehabil Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/22799036231189068","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/22799036231189068","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/22799036231189068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:49:32Z","timestamp":1777592972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/22799036231189068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/22799036231189068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/22799036231189068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2279-9036","2279-9036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2279-9036","type":"print"},{"value":"2279-9036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"article-number":"22799036231189068"}}