{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:19:10Z","timestamp":1787167150331,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Public Health Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide and is highly prevalent in Arabic-speaking countries. Many patients seek health information online, but the quality and reliability of Arabic resources remain unclear. This study evaluated the quality, reliability, and readability of Arabic websites on LBP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted on July 15, 2025, using the Arabic keyword \u201clow back pain\u201d in Google, Yahoo, and Bing. The first 100 results per engine were screened in incognito mode. Eligible websites were Arabic, publicly accessible, and patient oriented. After exclusions, 95 websites were included. Websites were classified by affiliation and assessed using the DISCERN instrument (quality), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks (reliability), and automated readability indices (Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, SMOG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 300 screened websites, 95 met inclusion criteria. Health portals and educational sites comprised 46.3%. Overall quality was moderate (mean DISCERN 45.9\u2009\u00b1\u200911.5), with 82.1% rated as moderate and only 4.2% as good. Reliability was low (mean JAMA 2.46\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1); only 20% met all four benchmarks. Authorship and currency were present in 36.8% and 26.3% of sites. Readability was high, with 96.8% achieving FRE\u2009\u2265\u200980. Top-ranked websites showed higher quality and reliability (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), though readability differences were minimal. DISCERN and JAMA correlated moderately (rho\u2009=\u20090.472,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Arabic websites on LBP are generally easy to read but often lack transparency, reliability, and evidence-based content. Strengthening online Arabic health resources through standardized quality frameworks is crucial to reduce misinformation and support informed decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/22799036261441327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:55:30Z","timestamp":1776689730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An infodemiological analysis of arabic online educational content on low back pain: Insights into quality and reliability"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hassan Ali","family":"Alradhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5072-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Bader","family":"Altaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9551-900X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayat Jassim","family":"Al Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4350-2526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hasan","family":"Alatiyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Al Omran General Hospital, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7780-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biam","family":"Saydo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9234-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Layan Saleh","family":"Baeesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Jafar","family":"Sabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-7912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh Salem","family":"Baeesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waly FJ Albalawi AS Alatawi AA et al. Low back pain: prevalence and functional impairment among the general population in Tabuk city Saudi Arabia. J Musculoskelet Surg Res 2023; 7(1): 110\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/jmsr_8_2023","DOI":"10.25259\/JMSR_8_2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira ML Luca D Haile K. Global regional and national burden of low back pain 1990-2020 its attributable risk factors and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol 2023; 5(6): e316\u2013e329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4318392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng M Xue Y Cui M et al. Global regional and national burden of low back pain: findings from the Global Burden of disease study 2021 and projections to 2050. Spine 2025; 50(18): E389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005456","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bener A El-rufaie OF Siyam A et al. Epidemiology of low back pain in the United Arab Emirates. APLAR J Rheumatol 2004; 7(3): 189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1479-8077.2004.00093.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8077.2004.00093.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster NE Anema JR Cherkin D et al. Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence challenges and promising directions. Lancet 2018; 391(10137): 2368\u20132383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Lucas P Leir\u00f3s-Rodr\u00edguez R Lopez-Barreiro J et al. Is the combination of exercise therapy and health education more effective than usual medical care in the prevention of non-specific back pain? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Med 2022; 54(1): 3106\u20133115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890.2022.2140453","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2140453"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Lucas P Leir\u00f3s-Rodr\u00edguez R Mota J et al. Effects of a back school-based intervention on non-specific low back pain in adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23(1): 229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-023-04061-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-04061-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina-Viedma L Cort\u00e9s-P\u00e9rez I Obrero-Gait\u00e1n E et al. Effectiveness of pain neuroscience education in reducing pain disability kinesiophobia and catastrophizing in patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci 2025; 13(4): 290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci13040290","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13040290"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng JOS Cheng S-T. Effectiveness of physical and cognitive-behavioural intervention programmes for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS One 2019; 14(10): e0223367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0223367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223367"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahy E Hardikar R Fox A et al. Quality of patient health information on the Internet: reviewing a complex and evolving landscape. Australas Med J 2014; 7(1): 24\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4066\/AMJ.2014.1900","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2014.1875."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlMuammar SA Noorsaeed AS Alafif RA et al. The use of Internet and social media for health information and its consequences among the population in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13(9): e18338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.18338","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.18338"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghweeba M Lindenmeyer A Shishi S et al. What predicts online health information-seeking behavior among Egyptian adults? A cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19(6): e216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.6855","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akdere E Karpuz S Y\u0131lmaz R et al. Evaluation of readability and reliability of Turkish websites on low back pain. Ege T\u0131p Bilimleri Dergisi 2024; 7(1): 18\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33713\/egetbd.1444781","DOI":"10.33713\/egetbd.1444781"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozduran E Hanci V Erkin Y. Evaluating the readability quality and reliability of online patient education materials on chronic low back pain. Nat Med J India 2024; 37(3): 124\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022","DOI":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kara M Ozduran E Kara MM et al. Evaluating the readability quality and reliability of responses generated by ChatGPT Gemini and Perplexity on the most commonly asked questions about Ankylosing spondylitis. PLoS One 2025; 20(6): e0326351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zbek \u0130C Hanc\u0131 V \u00d6zduran E. Digital guidance: quality and readability analysis of artificial intelligence-generated spondyloarthropathy texts. Turk J Osteoporos 2025; 31(1): 12\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/tod.galenos.2024.76743","DOI":"10.4274\/tod.galenos.2024.76743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Family caregivers are wired for health","author":"Fox S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fox S, Duggan M. Family caregivers are wired for health. Pew Research Center\u2019s Internet & American Life Project, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bin L Lun KC. The retrieval effectiveness of medical information on the web. Int J Med Inform 2001; 62(2\u20133): 155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1386-5056(01)00159-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(01)00159-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung JY Ni Riordain R Porter S. Readability and quality of online information regarding dental treatment for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Br Dent J 2020; 228(8): 609\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41415-020-1331-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-020-1331-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Readability of patient-oriented online dermatology resources","volume":"4","author":"Tulbert BH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tulbert BH, Snyder CW, Brodell RT. Readability of patient-oriented online dermatology resources. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2011; 4(3): 27\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edmunds MR Barry RJ Denniston AK. Readability assessment of online ophthalmic patient information. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131(12): 1610\u20131616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.5521","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.5521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Online-Utility.org. Tests document readability https:\/\/www.online-utility.org\/english\/readability_test_and_improve.jsp (2020 accessed 5 August 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halboub E Al-Ak\u2019hali MS Al-Mekhlafi HM et al. Quality and readability of web-based Arabic health information on COVID-19: an infodemiological study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21(1): 151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10218-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10218-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kher A Johnson S Griffith R. Readability assessment of online patient education material on congestive heart failure. Adv Prev Med 2017; 2017: 9780317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/9780317","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9780317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kara M Ozduran E Kara MM et al. Evaluating the readability quality and reliability of responses generated by ChatGPT Gemini and perplexity on the most commonly asked questions about ankylosing spondylitis. PLoS One 2025; 20(6): e0326351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhajj MN Mashyakhy M Ariffin Z et al. Quality and readability of web-based Arabic health information on denture hygiene: an infodemiology study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2020; 21(9): 956\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2918","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"639","article-title":"SMOG grading-a new readability formula","volume":"12","author":"McLaughlin GH.","year":"1969","unstructured":"McLaughlin GH. SMOG grading-a new readability formula. J Reading 1969; 12(8): 639\u2013646.","journal-title":"J Reading"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charnock D Shepperd S Needham G et al. DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999; 53(2): 105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.53.2.105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silberg WM Lundberg GD Musacchio RA. Assessing controlling and assuring the quality of medical information on the Internet: Caveant lector et viewor\u2013let the reader and viewer beware. JAMA 1997; 277(15): 1244\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.277.15.1244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540390074039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira G Traeger AC Machado G et al. Credibility accuracy and comprehensiveness of internet-based information about low back pain: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21(5): e13357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/13357","DOI":"10.2196\/13357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrick PA Ahmed OH Bankier SS et al. Acute low back pain information online: an evaluation of quality content accuracy and readability of related websites. Man Ther 2012; 17(4): 318\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2012.02.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2012.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zduran E. Evaluation of the readability of Turkish internet-based patient education materials related to \u201clow back pain.\u201d J Dokuz Eylul Univ Med Faculty 2022; 36(2): 135\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18614\/deutip.1174522","DOI":"10.18614\/deutip.1174522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan A Jubril A Menga E et al. Readability of the most commonly accessed online patient education materials pertaining to surgical treatments of the spine. World Neurosurg 2021; 152: e583\u2013e588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.06.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luciani AM Foster BK Hayes D et al. Readability of online spine patient education resources. World Neurosurg 2022; 162: e640\u2013e644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumann J Marshall S Groneck A et al. Readability of spine-related patient education materials: a standard method for improvement. Eur Spine J 2023; 32(9): 3039\u20133046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-023-07856-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07856-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhuwaiter SS Alssafi F Alshunaiber R et al. Quality and readability assessment of web-based Arabic health information on early childhood caries. Saudi J Med Med Sci 2024; 12(2): 188\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_443_23","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_443_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alassaf MS Hamadallah HH Almuzaini A et al. Assessment of the Arabic patient-centered online information about orthodontic pain: a quality and readability assessment. PLoS One 2024; 19(5): e0303308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","article-title":"OSMAN: a novel Arabic readability metric","author":"El-Haj M","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Haj M, Rayson P. OSMAN: a novel Arabic readability metric. In: Proceedings of LREC, 2016.","journal-title":"Proceedings of LREC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberato JP Alhafni B Khalil MA et al. Strategies for Arabic readability modeling. arXiv [cs.CL] 2024 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.03032","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.arabicnlp-1.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eysenbach G K\u00f6hler C. How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups usability tests and in-depth interviews. BMJ 2002; 324(7337): 573\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.324.7337.573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7337.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhuwail D Abdulsalam Y. Assessing electronic health literacy in the State of Kuwait: survey of internet users from an Arab State. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21(5): e11174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/11174","DOI":"10.2196\/11174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardus M Keriabian A Elbejjani M et al. Assessing eHealth literacy among internet users in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study. Digit Health 2022; 8: 20552076221119336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076221119336","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221119336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faiyazuddin M Rahman SJQ Anand G et al. The impact of artificial intelligence on healthcare: a comprehensive review of advancements in diagnostics treatment and operational efficiency. Health Sci Rep 2025; 8(1): e70312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.70312","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkaya S Saglam Akkaya G. Educational Quality and reliability of YouTube content related to musculoskeletal ultrasound. Arch Rheumatol 2025; 40(3): 365\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/ArchRheumatol.2025.25038","DOI":"10.5152\/ArchRheumatol.2025.25038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh SW. YouTube health information and health literacy. Korean J Fam Med 2023; 44(6): 301\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4082\/kjfm.44.6E","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.44.6E"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"Effectiveness of a back school program in low back pain","volume":"26","author":"Ribeiro LH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ribeiro LH, Jennings F, Jones A, et al. Effectiveness of a back school program in low back pain. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26(1): 81\u201388.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","volume-title":"The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and user\u2019s guide","author":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and user\u2019s guide. AHRQ, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","volume-title":"Clear Communication Index: a tool for developing and assessing public communication products","author":"CDC","year":"2014","unstructured":"CDC. Clear Communication Index: a tool for developing and assessing public communication products. CDC, 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elwyn G Durand MA Song J et al. A three-talk model for shared decision making: multistage consultation process. BMJ 2017; 359: j4891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j4891","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041780"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/22799036261441327","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/22799036261441327","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/22799036261441327","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:52:27Z","timestamp":1777593147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/22799036261441327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/22799036261441327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/22799036261441327","relation":{},"ISSN":["2279-9036","2279-9036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2279-9036","type":"print"},{"value":"2279-9036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"article-number":"22799036261441327"}}