{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:43:49Z","timestamp":1782981829352,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016624","name":"Applied Science Private University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project reference number: DRGS-2024-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project reference number: DRGS-2024-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Public Health Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Keratin hair treatments are widely used in salons due to their ability to straighten hair. However, these treatments often contain formaldehyde, a known volatile organic compound (VOC) associated with adverse respiratory effects. Salon workers performing keratin treatments may be at increased risk of respiratory impairment due to occupational exposure to formaldehyde. This study aimed to assess the impact of formaldehyde exposure during keratin hair treatments on lung function among salon workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study included 41 female salon workers who regularly perform keratin treatments. Spirometry was conducted to measure FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second), FVC (forced vital capacity), and the FEV1\/FVC ratio. Values were compared with predicted norms, and associations with exposure-related variables were analyzed using independent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests and Spearman correlation analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants showed significantly lower mean values for FEV1, FVC, and FEV1\/FVC ratios than predicted norms (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the need for improved protective protocols in salons to safeguard workers\u2019 respiratory health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/22799036261441337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:47:11Z","timestamp":1782798431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of occupational exposure to formaldehyde in Keratin hair treatments on lung function among salon workers: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0535-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Z.","family":"Darabseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahaf","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aseel","family":"Aburub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8742-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ragad","family":"Alkaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarekq","family":"Gharibeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health Institute, the University of Jordan Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ala\u2019a M.","family":"Shurrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al Salt, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Nizar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owis","family":"Eilayyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bence L.","family":"Raposa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery and Health Visiting, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pongr\u00e1c","family":"\u00c1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Physical Activity Research Group, J\u00e1nos Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, University of P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-019-00247-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Hair smoothing products that release formaldehyde when heated: U.S. Food & Drug Administration https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/cosmetic-products\/hair-smoothing-products-release-formaldehyde-when-heated (2024 accessed July 23 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"The United State Environmental Protection Agency. Formaldehyde\u2019s impact on indoor air quality. The United State Environmental Protection Agency; 2024 https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/indoor-air-quality-iaq\/formaldehydes-impact-indoor-air-quality (accessed 27 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"United States Department of Labor Occupational and Safety Health Administration. Hair salons: facts about formaldehyde in hair smoothing products. United States Department of Labor Occupational and Safety Health Administration https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/hair-salons (2012 accessed 23 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351228848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.012717"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"1558","article-title":"The bread and butter of statistical analysis \u201ct-test\u201d: uses and misuses","volume":"31","author":"Skaik YA.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Skaik YA. The bread and butter of statistical analysis \u201ct-test\u201d: uses and misuses. 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