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This research was carried out for enhancement of the bio-degradability in biological environment. The surface composites were successfully fabricated by friction stir processing method with a rotation speed of 800\u2009rpm, travel speed of 80\u2009mm\/min and 2.5\u00b0 tilt angle at multi-passes. The surface properties were characterized via optical, SEM, EDS, XRD and EBSD techniques. The microstructure showed that the reinforcements were equally distributed into the surface matrix after 3-passes for sets of composites. After 3-passes FSP average grain diameter of the composite C (1.61\u2009\u03bcm) was smaller than that of composite A (1.86\u2009\u03bcm) and composite B (1.63\u2009\u03bcm), because of the strong shear deformation and generated friction heat, which occurred via dynamic recrystallization between grains in the processed zones. The microhardness of Composite C (162\u2009Hv) has a higher than the composite A (125.2\u2009Hv) and composite B (146.2\u2009Hv). The ultimate tensile strength of composite A (152.7\u2009MPa) was greater than that of composite B (133\u2009MPa) and composite C (111.3\u2009MPa). Furthermore, the corrosion resistance at 7, 15 and 30\u2009days of immersion of composite C was higher than that of composite A and composite B, because of the domino effects and better bio-mineralization with the addition of Y\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and ZrO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    particles. The typically worn surface revealed reduced deep pits, pits and cracks due to better ionization of the hydrogen generated during immersion. Finally, this research was carried out for treatment of bone defects and fractures as well as improving corrosion resistance of the mg-containing biocompatible implants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/22808000251314086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T01:29:44Z","timestamp":1737163784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influences of multi-pass friction stir alloying on characterization of AZ91D alloy-based dual reinforcement bio-ceramic nano-composites"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Surendra Kumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Lab for Liquid-Solid Structure Evolution and Materials Processing, Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2062-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoxin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Lab for Liquid-Solid Structure Evolution and Materials Processing, Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Training Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Lab for Liquid-Solid Structure Evolution and Materials Processing, Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2018.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104894"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of magnesium alloy surface composite (AZ91D-SiO2) by friction stir processing for bioimplants","volume":"12","author":"Vignesh RV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vignesh RV, Padmanaban R, Govindaraju M. 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