{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T06:27:21Z","timestamp":1777789641605,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomaterials &amp; Functional Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alternative calcium phosphates are strong candidates as tooth-whitening to mitigate the adverse effects of hydrogen peroxide (HP). This study examines changes in the color and chemical structure of human enamel induced by a biomimetic calcium phosphate-based bleaching ceramic derived from chicken eggshell, known as the experimental remineralizing Substance (ERS). Forty human molars were assigned to four groups: G1: storage group; G2: treated with 35% HP; G3: treated with ERSs; and G4: treated with HP followed by ers. CIE color coordinates (\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    *,\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    *,\n                    <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    *) were recorded before and after treatment using a dental spectrophotometer to calculate color differences (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      E*\n                      <jats:sub>ab<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      E\n                      <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the whiteness index\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:mi>W<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>I<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>D<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    which were later compared with previously established perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds. After each treatment, enamel surface powders from each specimen were analyzed using attenuated total reflectance\u2013Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and simple linear regression for color measurements, as well as one-way ANOVA, Shapiro\u2013Wilk, Kruskal\u2013Wallis, and Holm\u2013Bonferroni tests for chemical composition. The results indicated a significant decrease in\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    * (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01) and\n                    <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    * (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03) values in G3. The highest mean values of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      \u2206E*\n                      <jats:sub>ab<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      E\n                      <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2a7d\u20090.05) exceeded PT and AT indicating good effectiveness. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that certain phosphate bands in G3 remained unchanged compared to G1 and G2. Additionally, carbonate substitution at the A and B-positions was reduced, and the degree of mineralization increased compared to G2. XRD patterns showed diffraction peaks linked to hydroxyapatite crystals in all experimental groups. All treatments reduced crystallite size, and this effect was not reversed in G3. Thus, this study demonstrates that ERS achieved a superior whitening effect compared to HP, without altering the chemical composition or crystalline structure of human enamel. These findings suggest the potential of using ERS as a safer alternative to conventional peroxide-based whitening agents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/22808000251356939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T06:25:46Z","timestamp":1754461546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-peroxide eggshell-based experimental material: Effects on the color and composition of human dental enamel"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1416-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Torres-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede\u2009Bogot\u00e1, Distrito Capital, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prostodontics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede\u2009Bogot\u00e1, Distrito Capital, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Oviedo, Espa\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8170-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Delgado-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede\u2009Bogot\u00e1, Distrito Capital, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200401000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708601104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.03.035"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide whitens teeth by oxidizing the organic structure","volume":"40","author":"Eimar H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eimar H, Siciliano R, Abdallah MN, et al. Hydrogen peroxide whitens teeth by oxidizing the organic structure. J Dent 2012; 40(2): e25\u2013e33.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2175-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2014.07.022"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","article-title":"Effect of tooth-bleaching on the carbonate concentration in dental enamel by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Vargas-Koudriavtsev T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vargas-Koudriavtsev T, Herrera-Sancho \u00d3A. Effect of tooth-bleaching on the carbonate concentration in dental enamel by Raman spectroscopy. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9(1): e101\u2013e106.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2485\/jhtb.17.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2014.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-014-0189-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2341\/13-371-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2341\/13-214-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1677-3225v13n1a05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2018-0233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2341\/17-150-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_810_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_590_21"},{"issue":"79","key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of peroxide-free bleaching agents on tooth color.\u2009Systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Su\u00e1rez Fajardo IG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez Fajardo IG, Rodr\u00edguez Godoy M, Delgado-Mej\u00eda E, et al. Effect of peroxide-free bleaching agents on tooth color.\u2009Systematic review. Universitas Odontol\u00f3gica 2018; 37(79): 1\u201321.","journal-title":"Universitas Odontol\u00f3gica"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Evaluation on an experimental remineralizing agent for repairing enamel surfaces","volume":"33","author":"\u00dasuga Vacca MV","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00dasuga Vacca MV, Torres-Rodr\u00edguez C, Delgado-Mej\u00eda E. Evaluation on an experimental remineralizing agent for repairing enamel surfaces. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2020; 33(2): 68\u201376.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Latinoam"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effect of a new remineralizing biomaterial on the color of dental enamel","volume":"27","author":"Vargas-S\u00e1nchez PK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vargas-S\u00e1nchez PK, Delgado-Mej\u00eda E, Torres-Rodr\u00edguez C. Effect of a new remineralizing biomaterial on the color of dental enamel. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2014; 27(1): 3\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Latinoam"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Protocolos dise\u00f1ados para el biobanco de dientes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia","volume":"4","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pita LC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pita LC, Ram\u00edrez Rojas JS, \u00dasuga-Vacca MV, et al. Protocolos dise\u00f1ados para el biobanco de dientes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Acta Odontol Colomb 2014; 4(2): 79\u201394.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Colomb"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2542579X01666180719125137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02509540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00092-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2005.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2018.1431923"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es060769x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(01)00093-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13167-014-0025-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14102624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min12050527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","unstructured":"Mederos M Carlos E Cuevas-Suarez CE et al. Analysis of pH and hydrogen peroxide concentration in professional bleaching gels. Educaci\u00f3n y Salud Bolet\u00edn Cient\u00edfico Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo 2020; 8 (16): 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","unstructured":"Pola Office. Directions for use 2012. Accessed July 31 2025. https:\/\/www.sdi.com.au\/images\/stories\/instructions\/instructions_pdf\/pola_off\/in_po_es.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effects of bleaching gels on dental enamel crystallography","volume":"19","author":"Vargas-Koudriavtsev T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vargas-Koudriavtsev T, Fonseca-Jim\u00e9nez P, Barrantes-Delgado P, et al. Effects of bleaching gels on dental enamel crystallography. Oral Health Prev Dent 2021; 19: 7\u201314.","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2007.00502.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.07.014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomaterials &amp; Functional Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/22808000251356939","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/22808000251356939","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/22808000251356939","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:57:33Z","timestamp":1777492653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/22808000251356939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/22808000251356939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/22808000251356939","relation":{},"ISSN":["2280-8000","2280-8000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2280-8000","type":"print"},{"value":"2280-8000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"article-number":"22808000251356939"}}