{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T06:27:36Z","timestamp":1777789656633,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomaterials &amp; Functional Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of fluoride varnishes on both the color stability and surface microhardness of different fluoride-releasing restorative materials exposed to beverages commonly consumed by children . This study was conducted as an in vitro experimental study design. Three different restorative materials (Dyract XP, Beautifil II, and Cention N) and a colorless fluoride varnish were used. The solutions in which the samples were immersed were selected as beverages commonly preferred by children: cherry juice, chocolate milk, and cola. Color changes of the samples were measured using a spectrophotometer at 1, 7, 14, and 28\u2009days and calculated according to the CIEDE2000 total color difference formula. Surface microhardness values were measured using a digital microhardness testing device at 1 and 28\u2009days. To assess the effects of variables and their interactions in repeated observation designs, generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed models were fitted. Following model estimation, Tukey\u2019s-adjusted estimated marginal means were computed to identify significant pairwise differences. Fluoride-releasing restorative materials exhibited varying degrees of color change and decrease in surface microhardness when immersed in different staining solutions. Among the tested materials, Cention N demonstrated the greatest color stability (\u0394E=1.01 for fluoride applied group, \u0394E=1.45 for the group without fluoride application) and least reduction in surface microhardness. Fluoride application initially caused a slight discoloration immediately after application. However, following immersion in different solutions, fluoride application appeared to enhance color stability (\u0394E=1.59 in the varnish-applied group, \u0394E=2.21 in the group without varnish application), but did not have a statistically significant effect on the surface microhardness. A negative correlation was observed between color change and surface microhardness; as the surface microhardness decreased, the extent of color change increased. This study highlights the prominent role of intraoral environmental factors in influencing the durability and aesthetic properties of fluoride-releasing restorative materials. Topical fluoride application has a beneficial effect on the color stability with a more pronounced effect observed with Cention N.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/22808000251403913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T07:39:53Z","timestamp":1765870793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of fluoride varnish on the color stability and surface microhardness of bioactive restorative materials: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3960-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihriban","family":"G\u00f6kcek Tara\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Karabuk University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4380-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melek","family":"\u00c7am","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Okan University, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000200013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JISPPD.JISPPD_280_18"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1026","article-title":"The effects of different pediatric drugs and brushing on the color stability of esthetic restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry: an in vitro study","volume":"9","author":"Almutairi M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almutairi M, Moussa I, Alsaeri N, et al. 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