{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:37:18Z","timestamp":1777880238828,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plast Surg (Oakv)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The distinction between reconstructive and aesthetic surgery becomes less apparent when body image and self-esteem secondary to congenital deformities affect psychosocial well-being. Parents and plastic surgeons debate the appropriate age to correct non-life-threatening congenital defects to avoid a psychologically distressing event to the child. Furthermore, an ethical debate emerges when parents make decisions on behalf of children below the age of consent and lack the necessary cognitive development. This challenging responsibility then rests upon the operating practitioner to prioritize the child's best interests. This paper examines three hypothetical cases to explore the psychosocial and ethical aspects of conducting external ear surgery in the pediatric population and determining the ideal timing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/22925503231213868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T02:02:20Z","timestamp":1699927340000},"page":"276-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethical Considerations in Pediatric External Ear Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9690-8977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Becher","family":"Al-Halabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alabdulkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Cugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Procedural Statistics \u2013 The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS). 2016. http:\/\/www.surgery.org\/media\/statistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Plastic Surgery Statistics Report \u2013 The American Society for Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). 2016. https:\/\/www.plasticsurgery.org\/news\/plastic-surgery-statistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-014-0294-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Plastic surgery procedural statistics from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2015. https:\/\/www.plasticsurgery.org\/news\/plastic-surgery-statistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/SOCP.146.1.15-30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/10-143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-010-9502-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(01)00013-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2014.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2015.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1343999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Sarwer DB Pruzinsky T. Psychological aspects of reconstructive and cosmetic plastic surgery : clinical empirical and ethical perspectives. 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2008.062158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/229255031402200102"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","article-title":"Non-surgical correction of congenital ear anomalies: a review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Feijen MMW","unstructured":"Feijen MMW, van Cruchten C, Payne PE, van der Hulst RRWJ. Non-surgical correction of congenital ear anomalies: a review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020 Nov 24;8(11):e3250. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003250","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Human malformations and related anomalies","author":"Carey JC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carey JC, Park AH, Muntz HR. External ear. In: Stevenson RE, ed. Human malformations and related anomalies. Oxford University Press; 2006:329\u2010338."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20836"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"GeneReviews(R)","author":"Heike CL","year":"1993","unstructured":"Heike CL, Luquetti DV, Hing AV. Craniofacial microsomia overview. In: Adam MP, et al., ed. GeneReviews(R). 1993. [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993\u20132023. PMID: 20301754."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2016.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-012-0008-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181d45d07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.2001.00454.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00020840-200308000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199505000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199308000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197404000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1992_029_0324_agsote_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196510000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198912000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197802000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-19990601-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(94)00063-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.62.2.131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2004.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1547269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199908000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181fed595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2009.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/2000656X.2012.751027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200206000-00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1568138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1239448"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","article-title":"Combined fascial flap and expanded skin flap for enveloping Medpor framework in microtia reconstruction","author":"Yang SL","unstructured":"Yang SL, Zheng JH, Liu QY, Mao GY, Jin YP. Combined fascial flap and expanded skin flap for enveloping Medpor framework in microtia reconstruction. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009;33:518\u2010522. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-008-9249-0","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2014.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2014.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"41","volume-title":"health care ethics","author":"Summers J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Summers J, Morrison E. Principles of healthcare ethics. In: health care ethics. 2nd ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2009:41\u201058.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.31.6.252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2009.09.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","article-title":"Parental decision making in pediatric otoplasty: the role of shared decision making in parental decisional conflict and decisional regret","volume":"126","author":"Hong P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong P, Gorodzinsky AY, Taylor BA, Chorney JM. Parental decision making in pediatric otoplasty: the role of shared decision making in parental decisional conflict and decisional regret. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(Suppl 5):S5\u2010S13. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.26071","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"}],"container-title":["Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/22925503231213868","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/22925503231213868","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/22925503231213868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:05:46Z","timestamp":1777593946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/22925503231213868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/22925503231213868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/22925503231213868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2292-5503","2292-5511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2292-5503","type":"print"},{"value":"2292-5511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]}}}