{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:18:08Z","timestamp":1783480688198,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the sternoclavicular joint in 13 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Records of 9 men and 4 women aged 26 to 47 (mean, 36.5) years who presented with tuberculosis of the right (n=8) or left (n=5) sternoclavicular joint were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 13 patients had a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate at presentation. Nine patients presented with systemic symptoms including malaise, fever, or loss of weight\/appetite. Local symptoms included cold abscess (n=5), tenderness and non-fluctuant swelling (n=4), and discharging sinus (n=4). The mean duration of symptoms was 2.7 (range, 1\u20137) months. Four patients had multifocal involvement of the proximal ulna (n=1), lung (n=2), and meninges (n=1). Aspiration (n=3), fine needle aspiration cytology (n=4), drainage (n=2), or curettage (n=4) of the swelling, abscess, or sinus was performed, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology (n=8), polymerase chain reaction (n=5), or culture (n=1). Two patients were diagnosed based on clinical suspicion. 11 patients responded to antituberculous therapy (ATT), and symptoms resolved after 6 to 8 weeks. Two patients did not respond to ATT after 3 months and were screened for immunocompromising disorders or drug resistance. Their CD4 count and CD4:CD8 ratio was low, and an immunomodulation regimen was prescribed as an adjunct to ATT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high level of clinical suspicion is needed to diagnose tuberculosis of the sternoclavicular joint in patients with pain\/tenderness, discharging sinus, or cold abscess. A combination of histopathological and microbiological tests, and PCR can confirm the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901502300311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,4]],"date-time":"2016-10-04T17:14:58Z","timestamp":1475601298000},"page":"315-318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tuberculosis of the Sternoclavicular Joint"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anuj","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Medical Sciences and associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitesh","family":"Jajodia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Medical Sciences and associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Medical Sciences and associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaswinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Medical Sciences and associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Medical Sciences and associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-230949901502300311","unstructured":"Tuli SM. 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