{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:05:48Z","timestamp":1782731148535,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been a global trend towards individually packaged screws for orthopaedic operations. Traditional practice makes use of screw caddies that require re-sterilization. Individually wrapped screws (IWS) are purported to decrease infection rates and avoid the deleterious effects of repeated screw sterilizations, despite marginal evidence. This review aimed to evaluate the safety, effectiveness and economics of screw caddies with IWS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature was surveyed in a systematic fashion between 1998 and 2017 and all relevant health technology assessments, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-controlled studies and case series were sought. Any benefits or otherwise of IWS over screw caddies were then evaluated in the areas of safety, effectiveness and economics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two level III-3 papers suggested the use of caddies at least as safe as individual screws. Four level III-2 papers demonstrated that screws from caddies were as effective as individual alternatives, while a level III-3 paper reported that individual screws were significantly more expensive than screw caddies. Cost increases to our regional health service from ankle open reduction and internal fixations alone of at least $50,112 (AUD) per annum were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From the results obtained, the authors recommend the continued use of screw caddies for orthopaedic procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499020944086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T05:31:55Z","timestamp":1598247115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A comparison of risk profile for orthopaedic operations when utilizing individually wrapped screws (IWS) when compared with sterile screw caddies (screw racks)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M","family":"Suchowersky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bathurst and Orange Orthopaedic Surgeons Association, Orange, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lorentzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bathurst and Orange Orthopaedic Surgeons Association, Orange, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Andrew","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bathurst and Orange Orthopaedic Surgeons Association, Orange, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2309499020944086","unstructured":"Colton CL, Moran CG. AO Foundation glossary. AO Foundation, https:\/\/www2.aofoundation.org\/wps\/portal\/surgerypopup?contentUrl=\/srg\/popup\/further_reading\/PFxM2\/Glossary.jsp&soloState=seo&title=&Language=en (2017, accessed 19 September 2017)."},{"key":"bibr2-2309499020944086","unstructured":"Burns H. Migration to single-use pre-sterilised individually wrapped small orthopaedic implants in NHS Scotland. Edinburgh, http:\/\/www.scot.nhs.uk\/\/sehd\/cmo\/CMO(2006)13.pdf (2006, accessed 19 September 2017)."},{"key":"bibr3-2309499020944086","volume-title":"The influence of health technology assessment. A conceptual paper","author":"International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr4-2309499020944086","unstructured":"Medical Services Advisory Committee. Medical Services Advisory Committee terms of reference, http:\/\/www.msac.gov.au\/internet\/msac\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/msac-tor-1 (2016, accessed 19 September 2017)."},{"key":"bibr5-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462313000019"},{"key":"bibr6-2309499020944086","unstructured":"Gallego G, van Gool K. Health Technology Assessment at the local level. Health Policy Monitor, 2008, http:\/\/hpm.org\/en\/Surveys\/CHERE_-_Australia\/11\/Health_Technology_Assessment_at_the_local_level.html."},{"key":"bibr7-2309499020944086","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council. NHMRC additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines. Guidelines, https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/_files_nhmrc\/file\/guidelines\/developers\/nhmrc_levels_grades_evidence_120423.pdf: National Health and Medical Research Council (2009)."},{"key":"bibr8-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2008.06.024"},{"key":"bibr9-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2008.04433.x"},{"key":"bibr10-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.09.015"},{"key":"bibr11-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/14653121141200"},{"key":"bibr12-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/082612-685.1"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr13-2309499020944086","first-page":"243","volume":"12","author":"Noorollahian S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent Res J"},{"key":"bibr14-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/424923"},{"key":"bibr15-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2013.08.001"},{"key":"bibr16-2309499020944086","volume-title":"Managing operating theatre efficiency for elective surgery. Audit","author":"Audit Office of New South Wales","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr17-2309499020944086","volume-title":"Review of health technology assessment in Australia. Review","author":"The Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr18-2309499020944086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096745"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr19-2309499020944086","first-page":"1253","volume":"87","author":"Brauer C","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"bibr20-2309499020944086","volume-title":"Management of instruments, accountable items and other items. Policy","author":"Nursing and Midwifery Office","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr21-2309499020944086","first-page":"176","volume":"19","author":"Xiaolian Z","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2309499020944086","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2309499020944086","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2309499020944086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:29:57Z","timestamp":1777595397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2309499020944086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2309499020944086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2309499020944086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1022-5536","2309-4990"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-5536","type":"print"},{"value":"2309-4990","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"article-number":"2309499020944086"}}