{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:40:06Z","timestamp":1777671606148,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of wound botulism in injection drug users has increased since the introduction of black tar heroin. Many species of the Clostridium genus, most commonly Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium baratii, and Clostridium butyricum, have been associated with wound botulism. Patients often present with progressive bulbar weakness, including dysphagia, cranial nerve palsies, and loss of speech, in addition to symmetrical descending weakness of the upper extremities that may progress to the chest and lower extremities. In this article, we present 3 cases of wound botulism, in which the patients presented with bulbar weakness and were treated with botulism antitoxin heptavalent. The time to antitoxin administration and its effect on the patients\u2019 clinical courses is compared.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096211028078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T06:54:38Z","timestamp":1626245678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wound Botulism in Black Tar Heroin Injecting Users: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9518-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7958-5122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandhya","family":"Dhital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie Elise","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2506-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roopam","family":"Jariwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Wai","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1091-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arash","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greti","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katayoun","family":"Sabetian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA at Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23247096211028078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.061336"},{"key":"bibr2-23247096211028078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.859"},{"key":"bibr3-23247096211028078","volume-title":"Botulism Annual Summary, 2017","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr4-23247096211028078","first-page":"251","volume":"10","author":"Offerman SR","year":"2009","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bibr5-23247096211028078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.02226709"},{"key":"bibr6-23247096211028078","volume":"66","author":"Yu PA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"bibr7-23247096211028078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir005"},{"key":"bibr8-23247096211028078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-017-0300-4"},{"key":"bibr9-23247096211028078","unstructured":"Jeffery LA, Karim S. 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