{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:44:51Z","timestamp":1777671891237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of acquired left internal mammary artery-to-pulmonary vein fistulas has been increasing in the last few decades. This has been attributed to the increase in coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). The most commonly reported symptoms are angina and dyspnea. The timing of the presentation varies widely from a few months to several years after CABG. Medical management is the treatment of choice and usually controls the symptoms in most patients. Percutaneous intervention is, however, indicated when medical therapy fails. In this case report, a 72-year-old man with a history of CABG presented with progressively worsening chest pain and dyspnea. Troponin was negative and the electrocardiogram showed no acute ischemic changes. He was found to have left internal mammary artery-to-pulmonary vein fistula on coronary angiogram. His symptoms improved upon intensifications of his guideline-directed therapy for coronary artery disease. This represents an unusual cause of unstable angina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096221084916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T07:54:34Z","timestamp":1647935674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Left Internal Mammary Artery-to-Pulmonary Vein Fistula: A Rare Cause of Unstable Angina"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebubechukwu","family":"Ezeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esiemoghie","family":"Akhigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Amro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Palestinian Ministry of Health and Higher Education, Palestine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olusola","family":"Olubowale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Studeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Mader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Congenital coronary artery fistula","volume":"65","author":"McNamara JJ","year":"1969","unstructured":"McNamara JJ, Gross RE. Congenital coronary artery fistula. Surgery. 1969;65:59-69.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X17724262."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.128.3.389."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.1810290112."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(69)90438-x."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"827","article-title":"A rare cause of continuous thoracic murmur. A fistula between the internal mammary artery and the pulmonary circulation","volume":"71","author":"Lodovici F","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lodovici F, Ebagosti A, Escojido H, et al. A rare cause of continuous thoracic murmur. A fistula between the internal mammary artery and the pulmonary circulation. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1978;71:827-830.","journal-title":"Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/balkanmedj.2012.019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"725","article-title":"Left internal mammary artery to pulmonary vasculature fistulae closed with particle embolization: new form of percutaneous intervention","volume":"57","author":"Passey R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Passey R, Talwar VK, Jain R, et al. Left internal mammary artery to pulmonary vasculature fistulae closed with particle embolization: new form of percutaneous intervention. Indian Heart J. 2005;57:725-727.","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"663","article-title":"The novel use of a covered stent in the management of a left internal mammary artery to pulmonary vasculature fistula","volume":"16","author":"Glover BM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Glover BM, Khan MM. The novel use of a covered stent in the management of a left internal mammary artery to pulmonary vasculature fistula. J Invasive Cardiol. 2004;16:663-664.","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00999-X."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"469","article-title":"Transpulmonary closing of left internal mammary artery to pulmonary artery fistula with polytetrafluoroethylene covered stent: a case report and review of literature","volume":"16","author":"Jamshidi P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jamshidi P, Ghaffari S, Mahmoodi K. Transpulmonary closing of left internal mammary artery to pulmonary artery fistula with polytetrafluoroethylene covered stent: a case report and review of literature. 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