{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:52:19Z","timestamp":1777672339872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Immunotherapy-induced pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is an uncommon but increasingly recognized adverse effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly in patients with advanced malignancies. We present a case of a 68-year-old male with gastric adenocarcinoma undergoing treatment with immunotherapy and chemotherapy, who developed symptoms of PMC. Workup for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other common etiologies was negative. Colonoscopy revealed severe mucosal congestion and yellowish-green exudates, consistent with PMC. Based on the biopsy results and clinical presentation, after excluding common etiologies, immunotherapy-induced PMC was suspected. The patient responded to steroid therapy, with gradual improvement and a tapering regimen upon discharge. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges in identifying the etiology of PMC, particularly when it presents with diffuse involvement of the colon, which is an uncommon presentation for immunotherapy-related colitis. The overlap in clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological findings with other forms of colitis, such as Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and inflammatory bowel disease, highlights the need for heightened awareness among clinicians. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges in recognizing immunotherapy-induced PMC, particularly with atypical, diffuse colonic involvement. The overlapping features with other colitis make timely diagnosis difficult. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria and management strategies for immunotherapy induced colitis (IMC).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096251347401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T05:16:17Z","timestamp":1750223777000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pseudomembranous Colitis: Unveiling an Infrequent Culprit Beyond\n                    <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>\n                    \u2014A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8118-7177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manasa","family":"Ginjupalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Centre, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7436-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayalekshmi","family":"Jayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Centre, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praneeth","family":"Bandaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Centre, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vikash","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Forlemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Centre, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1752-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovannie","family":"Isaac Coss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denzil","family":"Etienne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Centre, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhavi","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Centre, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007633"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i5.979"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","article-title":"A case of pseudomembranous colitis of unknown etiology","volume":"14","author":"Tagliaferri AR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tagliaferri AR, Murray K, Michael P. A case of pseudomembranous colitis of unknown etiology. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e21914.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v11.i6.79"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Acute colitis and immunotherapy: a review","volume":"58","author":"Niv DJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niv DJ, Berzin SL, Alpern GE. Acute colitis and immunotherapy: a review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015;58(1):11-17.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0882-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"20210027","article-title":"Gastrointestinal adverse events of immunotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Cappello G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cappello G, Molea F, Campanella D, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events of immunotherapy. BJR Open. 2021;3(1):20210027.","journal-title":"BJR Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"20210027","article-title":"Gastrointestinal adverse events of immunotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Abu-Russo D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abu-Russo D, Regge D. Gastrointestinal adverse events of immunotherapy. BJR Open. 2021;3(1):20210027.","journal-title":"BJR Open"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-017-2267-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"123","article-title":"Molecular pathways of colon inflammation induced by cancer immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Luoma AM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luoma AM, Suo S, Williams HL, et al. Molecular pathways of colon inflammation induced by cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2025;25(2):123-135.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-3671"}],"container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23247096251347401","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23247096251347401","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23247096251347401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:04:31Z","timestamp":1777449871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23247096251347401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23247096251347401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23247096251347401","relation":{},"ISSN":["2324-7096","2324-7096"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2324-7096","type":"print"},{"value":"2324-7096","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"article-number":"23247096251347401"}}