{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:52:23Z","timestamp":1791589943794,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is widespread globally, however the data on HCV is sparse in the anglophone Caribbean particularly among persons living with HIV. Acute HCV infection is frequently asymptomatic and in resource limited countries, there are numerous challenges with diagnosis and treatment. We present the case of a 45 year old man who has sex with men (MSM) living with HIV in Trinidad with sexually acquired HCV infection in whom there were elevated liver transaminases and low HCV RNA levels that signified a strong immune mediated response in an attempt to clear the virus, but this was ultimately unsuccessful resulting in chronic infection. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for hepatitis C among MSM living with HIV without a history of injection drug use and the many obstacles that were encountered in the medical management of this patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096261497020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:27:26Z","timestamp":1791408446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute Hepatitis C Infection in a MSM Living With HIV in Trinidad"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4392-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Jeffrey","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332177"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","volume-title":"Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries","year":"2024","unstructured":"Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416630910"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad319"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","unstructured":"Central Statistical Office Ministry of Planning and Development Trinidad and Tobago. Population Statistics Trinidad and Tobago. Accessed 20 April 2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"The acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Trinidad. A report on two cases","volume":"32","author":"Bartholomew C","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bartholomew C, Raju CC, Jankey N. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Trinidad. A report on two cases. West Indian Med J. 1983;32(3):177-180.","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509040-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci10010009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13121400"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102766"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b67527"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22112"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0608-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-226907"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Validation of a new testing algorithm for syphilis in a small developing country","volume":"8","author":"Boyce G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boyce G, Dass R, Sebro A, et al. Validation of a new testing algorithm for syphilis in a small developing country. GJMEDPH. 2019;8:6.","journal-title":"GJMEDPH"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111739"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/321909"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S283910"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2022.0155"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2021.v111i12.14584"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000001980"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26164"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c11a5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000834"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00651.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1807-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8070370"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22127"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13010043"}],"container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23247096261497020","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23247096261497020","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23247096261497020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:25:25Z","timestamp":1791588325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23247096261497020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23247096261497020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23247096261497020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2324-7096","2324-7096"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2324-7096","type":"print"},{"value":"2324-7096","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"article-number":"23247096261497020"}}