{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1789211163324,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["LGBT Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Immigration and sexual and gender minority (SGM) policies operate as interlocking systems that shape perceived risk, generate fear, and drive care avoidance among SGM immigrants in the United States. This Perspective argues that immigration policy functions as SGM health policy by structuring eligibility, surveillance, and perceived safety within health care systems. We describe how immigration enforcement, asylum restrictions, and SGM-targeted legislation produce psychological harm and suppress care-seeking, particularly among transgender immigrants and asylum seekers. Persistent data gaps obscure these harms. Recognizing these intersecting legal regimes is essential for advancing equity, clinical safety, and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23258292261476709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T17:08:11Z","timestamp":1785949691000},"page":"345-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immigration Policy Is Sexual and Gender Minority Health Policy: How Laws Shape Risk, Fear, and Care Avoidance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5022-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bozhidar T.","family":"Chakalov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"LGBT adult immigrants in the United States","author":"Goldberg SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"1.Goldberg SK, and Conron KJ. 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Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"7.American Civil Liberties Union. Mapping attacks on LGBTQ rights in U.S. state legislatures in 2025 https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights-2025 (2025 accessed 28 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307830"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","unstructured":"9.Department of Homeland Security. Public charge ground of inadmissibility 8 CFR parts 103 and 212 https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2025\/11\/19\/2025-20278\/public-charge-ground-of-inadmissibility (2025 accessed 9 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","unstructured":"10.Asian Law Caucus. Understanding the USCIS pause on asylum and certain immigration applications https:\/\/www.asianlawcaucus.org\/news-resources\/guides-reports\/travel-ban-asylum-immigration-benefits (2026 accessed 10 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-025-01201-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","volume-title":"Impact of the Executive Order redefining sex on transgender, nonbinary, and intersex people","author":"Redfield E","year":"2025","unstructured":"12.Redfield E, and Chokshi I. Impact of the Executive Order redefining sex on transgender, nonbinary, and intersex people. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2025.4849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","unstructured":"14.Pillai D Rao A and Artiga S. 1.4 million lawfully present immigrants are expected to lose health coverage due to the 2025 tax and budget law. San Francisco CA: KFF 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","unstructured":"15.Williams E Pillai D Pillai A et al. Proposed Medicaid federal match penalty for states that have expanded coverage for immigrants: State-by-state estimates. San Francisco CA: KFF 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"16.Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. CMS launches nationwide push to remove ineligible Medicaid enrollees uphold citizenship requirements https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/cms-launches-nationwide-push-remove-ineligible-medicaid-enrollees-uphold-citizenship-requirements (2025 accessed 9 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Immigration enforcement: Key healthcare compliance tips","volume":"16","author":"Barbaresso L","year":"2025","unstructured":"17.Barbaresso L, , Diltcher AJ, , Meyer JE, et al. Immigration enforcement: Key healthcare compliance tips. 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How the elimination of federal gender-related grants and DEI programs is impacting LGBTQ+ health research: A conversation with Mandi Pratt-Chapman PhD. The Asco Post https:\/\/ascopost.com\/issues\/june-10-2025\/how-the-elimination-of-federal-gender-related-grants-and-dei-programs-is-impacting-lgbtqplus-health-research\/ (2025 accessed 9 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","volume-title":"New Trump administration proposals would further limit gender affirming care for young people by restricting providers and reducing coverage","author":"Dawson L","year":"2025","unstructured":"21.Dawson L, and Hulver S. New Trump administration proposals would further limit gender affirming care for young people by restricting providers and reducing coverage. 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