{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:00:45Z","timestamp":1780095645220,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]],"date-time":"2013-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We conducted a study to investigate HIV and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfection among patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the triple infection\u2019s (HIV\/HBV\/HDV) clinical implications in India, an intermediate HBV endemic region, with an estimated HIV-positive population of 2.5 million. A total of 450 patients (men: 270; women: 180) with chronic HBV infections and 135 healthy volunteers were screened for HIV and HDV. The incidence of the triple infection was low (4 [0.8%]) compared with dual infections of HIV-1\/HBV (7 [1.5%]) and HBV\/HDV (22[4.8%]). Among 21- to 40-year-olds, HBV\/HDV coinfection (45.8%) and HBV\/HDV\/HIV-1 triple infection was predominant (75%). Among 11 patients coinfected with HIV-1\/HBV, 4 (36%) were tri-infected and were also associated with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The HDV coinfection was higher among patients coinfected with HBV\/HIV-1, despite the declining trend in HDV infection among HIV-negative patients, as previously reported. Thus, it is important to assess the impact of HIV, chronic HBV, and HDV tri-infection in India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957413488166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,31]],"date-time":"2013-05-31T02:03:35Z","timestamp":1369965815000},"page":"85-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["High Prevalence of Hepatitis Delta Virus among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and HIV-1 in an Intermediate Hepatitis B Virus Endemic Region"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shanmugam","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Madhavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijayakumar","family":"Velu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailapuri G.","family":"Murugavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greer","family":"Waldrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil S.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pachamuthu","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagalingeswaran","family":"Kumarasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Y.R. 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Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Ramachandra Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2325957413488166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-6-795"},{"key":"bibr2-2325957413488166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11913-1"},{"key":"bibr3-2325957413488166","volume-title":"2008 Report on the global AIDS Epidemic","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr4-2325957413488166","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organization (NACO). HIV\/AIDS epidemiological Surveillance & Estimation report for the year 2005. http:\/\/www.nacoonline.org. 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