{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:11:09Z","timestamp":1777853469157,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) is the most common cause of focal deficits in patients living with HIV\/AIDS. Among 257 HIV-infected adult patients seen between January 2006 and December 2010 in a tertiary hospital in Zaria, northern Nigeria, 9 (3.5%) patients had clinical, serological, and brain imaging evidence of TE. All 9 patients had CD4 count of less than 50 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Of the 9 patients, 7 were antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive, while 2 were cases of ART-induced TE-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. After administering intravenous dexamethasone for cerebral decompression and specific antitoxoplasma therapy, symptoms and signs resolved in 8 patients within 4 to 14 days, but 1 patient died. Our data suggest that even in the ART era in Nigeria, TE remains a fairly common cause of morbidity among HIV-infected patients due to late HIV diagnosis and significant immunosuppression at diagnosis. Early HIV diagnosis, early initiation of highly active ART, and routine prophylaxis against TE are imperative in combating the challenge of HIV\/AIDS-related TE in Nigeria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957413500529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T23:43:59Z","timestamp":1377042239000},"page":"18-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Toxoplasma Encephalitis in HIV-Infected Patients from Zaria, Northern Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dimie","family":"Ogoina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reginald O.","family":"Obiako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey C.","family":"Onyemelukwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bolanle O.","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Umdagas","family":"Hamidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2325957413500529","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.89"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr2-2325957413500529","first-page":"233","volume":"47","author":"Uneke CJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"bibr3-2325957413500529","first-page":"101","volume":"3","author":"Osunkalu VO","year":"2011","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr4-2325957413500529","first-page":"29","volume":"24","author":"Ogun SA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr J Neuro Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr5-2325957413500529","first-page":"123","volume":"29","author":"Emeka EU","year":"2010","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"bibr6-2325957413500529","first-page":"1","volume":"41","author":"Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr7-2325957413500529","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria: National guideline for HIV and AIDS treatment and care in adolescents and adults. 2007 May. www.naca.gov.ng. Accessed January 2010."},{"key":"bibr8-2325957413500529","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322622"},{"key":"bibr9-2325957413500529","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207781439829"},{"key":"bibr10-2325957413500529","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131375.21070.06"},{"key":"bibr11-2325957413500529","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.199919"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325957413500529","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2325957413500529","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325957413500529","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:53:08Z","timestamp":1777503188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2325957413500529"}},"subtitle":["A Case Series of 9 Patients"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2325957413500529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325957413500529","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9582","2325-9582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9582","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9582","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]]}}}