{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:11:59Z","timestamp":1777853519156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,4]],"date-time":"2017-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral manifestations in HIV infections are numerous and some of these are acknowledged as being of great importance in the early diagnosis of the disease. Many HIV-associated oral infections occur early in HIV disease, not infrequently as the presenting sign or symptom. Thus, early detection of the associated oral opportunistic infections should, in many cases, result in earlier diagnosis of HIV infection. Cytology, a simple, painless, and inexpensive method, has become a preferred method and was used in our study for early diagnosis of certain lesions. To determine the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence rate of opportunistic infections among HIV-positive adults in a teaching hospital in India, a prospective study was conducted and the required sample size was 40. Study participants were selected randomly from the outpatient department of an HIV clinic who were currently on for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Data on age, gender, form of contagion, antiretroviral therapy at the time of review, number of CD4 lymphocytes per milliliter, and viral load were collected. Oral cytologic investigation was carried out and then stained for histopathological examination. A total of 40 individuals were examined and the incidence of opportunistic infections was 66.7% in individuals with CD4 counts less than 200, 55.6% in individuals with CD4 counts of 200 to 499, and 40.0% in individuals with CD4 counts more than 500. The incidence of opportunistic infection was higher in individuals with low CD4 counts in spite of being on ART.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957416686192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T21:50:55Z","timestamp":1484344255000},"page":"309-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Incidence of Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Positive Adults on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in a Teaching Hospital, India: Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nandita","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Ramapuram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Srikant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00006"},{"key":"bibr2-2325957416686192","first-page":"169","volume":"5","author":"Mariam ZT","year":"2008","journal-title":"East Afr J Public Health"},{"key":"bibr3-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2005.21.981"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr4-2325957416686192","first-page":"36","volume":"10","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Feijoo J","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"bibr5-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2005.19.70"},{"key":"bibr6-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200106150-00009"},{"key":"bibr7-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200303070-00013"},{"key":"bibr8-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70124-1"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr9-2325957416686192","first-page":"448","volume":"10","author":"Kroidl A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"bibr10-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-199905010-00003"},{"key":"bibr11-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10872910050206540"},{"key":"bibr12-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1601-0825.2003.00994.x"},{"key":"bibr13-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2006.00505.x"},{"key":"bibr14-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2000.290708.x"},{"key":"bibr15-2325957416686192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-12"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325957416686192","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2325957416686192","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325957416686192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:53:50Z","timestamp":1777503230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2325957416686192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,4]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2325957416686192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325957416686192","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9582","2325-9582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9582","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9582","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,4]]}}}