{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:06:15Z","timestamp":1777853175928,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW009781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW009781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders continues to rise despite the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy. We aimed to define the risk of neurocognitive dysfunction among smokers relative to nonsmokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study including HIV-infected adults ages 21 to 65 years. The Mental Alternation Test (MAT) was the primary outcome. The odds of cognitive impairment were compared using random-effects logistic regression to adjust for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 3033, 1486 (49%) were smokers. The odds ratio for the association between smoking and cognitive impairment was 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.85-1.49). Nonsmokers had a higher median MAT score relative to smokers ( P = .01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no evidence that HIV-infected smokers had greater neurocognitive dysfunction relative to HIV-infected nonsmokers. While tobacco use remains an important health risk issue to address in the HIV population, it may not represent a risk factor for neurocognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958218768018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T06:15:32Z","timestamp":1524032132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Is Tobacco Use Associated with Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Individuals with HIV?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Billy","family":"Tsima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Jane","family":"Ratcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of 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