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The most frequent characteristics are focal subacute neurological deficits and ring-enhancing brain lesions in the basal ganglia, but the spectrum of clinical and neuroradiological manifestations is broad. Early initiation of antitoxoplasma therapy is an important feature of the diagnostic approach of expansive brain lesions in PLWHA. Pyrimethamine-based regimens and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) seem to present similar efficacy, but TMP-SMX shows potential practical advantages. The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is uncommon in cerebral toxoplasmosis, and we now have more effective, safe, and friendly combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) options. As a consequence of these 2 variables, the initiation of cART can be performed within 2 weeks after initiation of antitoxoplasma therapy. Herein, we will review historical and current concepts of epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV-related cerebral toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958219867315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T05:42:00Z","timestamp":1566279720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["HIV-Related Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Revisited: Current Concepts and Controversies of an Old Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ernesto","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Em\u00edlio Ribas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Mol\u00e9stias Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de 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