{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:54:50Z","timestamp":1793318090850,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Milken Institute School of Public Health Research Innovation Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1R24AI152598-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R24AI152598-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a high prevalence of internalized stigma among people with HIV (PWH) and it is possible that factors associated with stigma differ by gender. Therefore, we evaluated whether gender is an effect modifier of the association between covariates and internalized stigma among 694 PWH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linear regression with interaction terms between covariates and gender was used to evaluate significant associations and test for interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a 10-year increase in age was associated with lower stigma among women (\u03b2 (95% CI): \u22120.20 (\u22120.30, \u22120.10)) but not among men (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was associated with higher stigma (GAD &amp; GAD-squared \u03b2 (95% CI): 0.12 (0.08, 0.187), \u22120.004 (\u22120.006, \u22120.001)) and an increased time since HIV diagnosis was associated with lower stigma (\u03b2 (95% CI): \u22120.20 (\u22120.30, \u22120.10)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender-specific interventions should be developed to account for the differences in the association between age and stigma across genders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259582251370561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T12:07:32Z","timestamp":1756469252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study of Risk Factors for Internalized Stigma among People with HIV in Washington, DC: Evaluating Modification by Gender"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren F.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2867-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna B.","family":"Resnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia E.","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Simmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9095-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda D.","family":"Castel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohail","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3201-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne K.","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on Behalf of the DC Cohort Executive Committee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1990527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021144511957"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity - Erving Goffman - Google Books. Accessed March 15 2023. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=zuMFXuTMAqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&ots=Ra1tBl7CMb&sig=wUaGoth-sAh7vvLeyweRd2Jxlzw#v=onepage&q&f=false"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.921278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2014.996243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02480-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5053-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Cusick J. Three Types of Stigma: Public Internalized and Stigma-by-Association. Accessed March 9 2023. https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/peersupport\/chapter\/three-types-of-stigma-public-internalized-and-stigma-by-association\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1712-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2020.0114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-03137-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6985-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-009-9222-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02629-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2009.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0437-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11596-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2014.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2016.1242779"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9465-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120801926977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2008.20.6.519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1573-7861.2010.01179.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2020.0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2010.521568"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-2023-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011453"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-011-9275-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1139043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2014.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23259582251370561","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23259582251370561","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23259582251370561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:50:43Z","timestamp":1777503043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23259582251370561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23259582251370561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259582251370561","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9582","2325-9582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9582","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9582","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"article-number":"23259582251370561"}}