{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:17:16Z","timestamp":1787019436193,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since their conception during the mid-1970s, international participation in extreme sports has grown rapidly. The recent death of extreme snowmobiler Caleb Moore at the 2013 Winter X Games has demonstrated the serious risks associated with these sports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the incidence and prevalence of head and neck injuries (HNIs) in extreme sports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive epidemiological study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to acquire data from 7 sports (2000-2011) that were included in the Winter and Summer X Games. Data from the NEISS database were collected for each individual sport per year and type of HNI. Cumulative data for overall incidence and injuries over the entire 11-year period were calculated. National estimates were determined using NEISS-weighted calculations. Incidence rates were calculated for extreme sports using data from Outdoor Foundation Participation Reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 4 million injuries were reported between 2000 and 2011, of which 11.3% were HNIs. Of all HNIs, 83% were head injuries and 17% neck injuries. The 4 sports with the highest total incidence of HNI were skateboarding (129,600), snowboarding (97,527), skiing (83,313), and motocross (78,236). Severe HNI (cervical or skull fracture) accounted for 2.5% of extreme sports HNIs. Of these, skateboarding had the highest percentage of severe HNIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of serious injuries suffered in extreme sports has increased as participation in the sports continues to grow. A greater awareness of the dangers associated with these sports offers an opportunity for sports medicine and orthopaedic physicians to advocate for safer equipment, improved on-site medical care, and further research regarding extreme sports injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967114564358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,9]],"date-time":"2015-01-09T02:22:11Z","timestamp":1420770131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The Current State of Head and Neck Injuries in Extreme Sports"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Vinay K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Rango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Connaughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vani J.","family":"Sabesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2325967114564358","unstructured":"(CPSC) USCPSC. The NEISS\u2014The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System: a tool for researchers. US Consumer Product Safety Commission. http:\/\/www.cpsc.gov\/en\/Research-Statistics\/NEISS-Injury-Data\/. Accessed February 13, 2013."},{"key":"bibr2-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2007.017285"},{"key":"bibr3-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.05.013"},{"key":"bibr4-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091457"},{"key":"bibr5-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105312446770"},{"key":"bibr6-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338558"},{"key":"bibr7-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01785.x"},{"key":"bibr8-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.10.002"},{"key":"bibr9-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2012-040727"},{"key":"bibr10-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182819203"},{"key":"bibr11-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181c1e2fa"},{"key":"bibr12-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01127"},{"key":"bibr13-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509348763"},{"key":"bibr14-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.10.985"},{"key":"bibr15-2325967114564358","unstructured":"The Outdoor Foundation. 2013 Outdoor Recreation Participation Report. http:\/\/www.outdoorfoundation.org\/research.participation.2013.html. Accessed February 13, 2013."},{"key":"bibr16-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338583"},{"key":"bibr17-2325967114564358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.615"},{"key":"bibr18-2325967114564358","unstructured":"Schroeder T, Ault K. The NEISS sample design and implementation. http:\/\/www.cpsc.gov\/\/PageFiles\/106617\/2001d011-6b6.pdf. 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