{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:55:18Z","timestamp":1793451318168,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-intensity functional training (HIFT) is a new training modality that merges high-intensity exercise with functional (multijoint) movements. Even though others exist, CrossFit training has emerged as the most common form of HIFT. Recently, several reports have linked CrossFit training to severe injuries and\/or life-threatening conditions, such as rhabdomyolysis. Empirical evidence regarding the safety of this training modality is currently limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the incidence of injuries related to CrossFit participation and to estimate the rate of injuries in a large cross-sectional convenience sample of CrossFit participants from around the world.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive epidemiology study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3049 participants who reported engaging in CrossFit training between 2013 and 2017 were surveyed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A portion (30.5%) of the participants surveyed reported experiencing an injury over the previous 12 months because of their participation in CrossFit training. Injuries to the shoulders (39%), back (36%), knees (15%), elbows (12%), and wrists (11%) were most common for both male and female participants. The greatest number of injuries occurred among those who participated in CrossFit training 3 to 5 days per week (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 12.51; P = .0019). Overall, and based on the assumed maximum number of workout hours per week, the injury rate was 0.27 per 1000 hours (females: 0.28; males: 0.26), whereas the assumed minimum number of workout hours per week resulted in an injury rate of 0.74 per 1000 hours (females: 0.78; males: 0.70).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that CrossFit training is relatively safe compared with more traditional training modalities. However, it seems that those within their first year of training as well as those who engage in this training modality less than 3 days per week and\/or participate in less than 3 workouts per week are at a greater risk for injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118803100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T04:04:14Z","timestamp":1540353854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["A 4-Year Analysis of the Incidence of Injuries Among CrossFit-Trained Participants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Feito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evanette K.","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loni Philip","family":"Tabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21740"},{"key":"bibr2-2325967118803100","first-page":"2004","volume-title":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods","author":"Atkinson R","year":"1044"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr3-2325967118803100","first-page":"97","volume":"16","author":"Bonometti RJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"Competitiveness Rev"},{"key":"bibr4-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.05.009"},{"key":"bibr5-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.06.037"},{"key":"bibr6-2325967118803100","unstructured":"Cornwall W. Crossing swords with CrossFit. Outside Magazine. Available at: http:\/\/www.outsideonline.com\/fitness\/strength-and-power-training\/Crossing-Swords-with-CrossFit.html. Accessed January 14, 2014."},{"key":"bibr7-2325967118803100","unstructured":"CrossFit. Official CrossFit affiliate map. Available at: http:\/\/map.crossfit.com\/. Accessed March 2, 2017."},{"key":"bibr8-2325967118803100","unstructured":"CrossFit. Statistics from the 2016 Open. Available at: https:\/\/games.crossfit.com\/video\/statistics-2016-open. Accessed January 30, 2018."},{"key":"bibr9-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6030076"},{"key":"bibr10-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738115595975"},{"key":"bibr11-2325967118803100","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Epidemiology for Public Health Practice","author":"Friis RH","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr12-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.6.545"},{"key":"bibr13-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1626-2-7"},{"key":"bibr14-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31817dd506"},{"key":"bibr15-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967114543261"},{"key":"bibr16-2325967118803100","first-page":"1","volume":"56","author":"Glassman G","year":"2007","journal-title":"CrossFit J"},{"key":"bibr17-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.006"},{"key":"bibr18-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000400606.24620.bc"},{"key":"bibr19-2325967118803100","author":"Hak PT","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"bibr20-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649"},{"key":"bibr21-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-789"},{"key":"bibr22-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00143"},{"key":"bibr23-2325967118803100","unstructured":"Helm B. Too much pain for CrossFit gains? Men\u2019s Journal. Available at: https:\/\/www.mensjournal.com\/health-fitness\/too-much-pain-for-crossfit-gains-20140326\/. Accessed March 26, 2014."},{"key":"bibr24-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200205000-00017"},{"key":"bibr25-2325967118803100","first-page":"2013","volume":"189837","author":"Joondeph SA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr26-2325967118803100","first-page":"272","volume":"67","author":"Khan FY","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"bibr27-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000187413.41416.7e"},{"key":"bibr28-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117745263"},{"key":"bibr29-2325967118803100","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Introduction to Epidemiology","author":"Merrill RM","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr30-2325967118803100","unstructured":"Mitchell B. Lawsuit alleges CrossFit workout damaging. Available at: http:\/\/www.navytimes.com\/article\/20080816\/NEWS\/808160309\/Lawsuit-alleges-CrossFit-workout-damaging. Accessed April 16, 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr31-2325967118803100","first-page":"53","volume":"16","author":"Montalvo AM","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"bibr32-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.16.06827-4"},{"key":"bibr33-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315424538"},{"key":"bibr34-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paine J, Uptgraft J, Wylie R. CrossFit study: May 2010. Command and General Staff College. Available at: http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/a560056.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2018.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA560056"},{"key":"bibr35-2325967118803100","volume-title":"Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report","author":"Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr36-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00273"},{"key":"bibr37-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199808000-00010"},{"key":"bibr38-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1618-3169.49.4.243"},{"key":"bibr39-2325967118803100","unstructured":"Ritter E. By the numbers: the growth of CrossFit. Available at: http:\/\/www.channelsignal.com\/fresh-signals\/by-the-numbers-the-growth-of-crossfit. Accessed January 30, 2018."},{"issue":"188","key":"bibr40-2325967118803100","first-page":"463","volume":"47","author":"Schiff HB","year":"1978","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"bibr41-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116663706"},{"key":"bibr42-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2009.08.009"},{"key":"bibr43-2325967118803100","unstructured":"Tilghman A. The hidden danger of extreme workouts. Gannett Government Media. Available at: http:\/\/www.airforcetimes.com\/article\/20100930\/OFFDUTY03\/9300301\/The-hidden-danger-extreme-workouts. Accessed January 30, 2018."},{"key":"bibr44-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400419"},{"key":"bibr45-2325967118803100","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Statistics in Kinesiology","author":"Vincent WJ","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr46-2325967118803100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967114531177"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325967118803100","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2325967118803100","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325967118803100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:38:45Z","timestamp":1777592325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2325967118803100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2325967118803100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967118803100","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9671","2325-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9671","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"article-number":"2325967118803100"}}