{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:27:35Z","timestamp":1792664855758,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pitching-related elbow injuries remain prevalent across all levels of baseball. Elbow valgus torque has been identified as a modifiable risk factor of injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament in skeletally mature pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine how segmental energy flow (power) influences elbow valgus torque and ball speed in professional versus high school baseball pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 16 professional pitchers (mean age, 21.9 \u00b1 3.6 years) and 15 high school pitchers (mean age, 15.5 \u00b1 1.1 years) participated in marker-based motion analysis of baseball pitching. Ball speed, maximum elbow valgus torque (MEV), temporal parameters, and mechanical power of the trunk, upper arm, and forearm were collected and compared using parametric statistical methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Professional pitchers threw with a higher ball speed (36.3 \u00b1 2.9 m\/s) compared with high school pitchers (30.4 \u00b1 3.5 m\/s) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001), and MEV was greater in professional pitchers (71.3 \u00b1 20.0 N\u00b7m) than in high school pitchers (50.7 \u00b1 14.6 N\u00b7m) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .003). No significant difference in normalized MEV was found between groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .497). Trunk rotation time, trunk power, and upper arm power combined to predict MEV (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.823,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001), while trunk rotation time and trunk power were the only predictors of ball speed (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.731,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). There were significant differences between the professional and high school groups in the timing of maximum pelvis rotation velocity (42.9 \u00b1 9.7% of the pitching cycle [%PC] vs 27.9 \u00b1 23.4 %PC, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .025), maximum trunk rotation (33 \u00b1 16 %PC vs 2 \u00b1 23 %PC, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001), and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (102.4 \u00b1 8.9 %PC vs 93.0 \u00b1 11.7 %PC, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .017).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The power of trunk motion plays a critical role in the development of elbow valgus torque and ball speed. Professional and high school pitchers do not differ in elbow torque relative to their respective size but appear to adopt different patterns of segmental motion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because trunk rotation supplies the power associated with MEV and ball speed, training methods aimed at core stabilization and flexibility may benefit professional and high school pitchers in reducing the injury risk and improving pitching performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119827924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T18:50:48Z","timestamp":1551120648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Segmental Power Analysis of Sequential Body Motion and Elbow Valgus Loading During Baseball Pitching: Comparison Between Professional and High School Baseball Players"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Arnel","family":"Aguinaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Escamilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University\u2013Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.1.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336721"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"911","article-title":"Relationship of segmental energy flow and elbow valgus loading during baseball pitching","volume":"36","author":"Aguinaldo AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aguinaldo AL, Escamilla RF. 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