{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:55:12Z","timestamp":1786539312575,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies have associated sport-related concussion with depression and impaired cognitive ability later in life in former professional football players. However, population studies with two 1950s-era cohorts did not find an association between high school football participation and impaired cognition or depressive symptoms in late adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed whether actual\/intended participation in contact sports during adolescence had an adverse effect on participants\u2019 cognition or depressive symptoms in early adulthood. We hypothesized that there would not be an association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used a subsample (n = 10,951) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a nationally (United States) representative prospective cohort study following participants through 4 waves of data collection from 1994 through 2008. Participants were categorized as actual\/intended participation in no sports, noncontact sports only, and contact sports. We constructed 6 multivariate and logistic regression models predicting word recall, number recall, modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, depression diagnosis, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts at wave IV as a function of sport participation during wave I. Sport participation was treated as a factor with the referent category noncontact sports. This analysis was repeated on a males-only sample (n = 5008). In the males-only analysis, participants were classified as actual\/intended participation in no sports, noncontact sports, contact sports other than American football, and American football. The referent category remained noncontact sports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intention to participate in contact sports was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes in the full-sample analysis. Intention to participate in football was significantly associated with a reduced odds of depression diagnosis in adulthood (odds ratio, 0.70; P = .02) when compared with noncontact sports participation in the males-only sample. Football was not significantly associated with impaired cognitive ability, increased depressive symptoms, or increased suicide ideation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Actual\/intended participation in contact sports during adolescence did not adversely affect Add Health participants\u2019 cognition or depressive symptoms in young adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119868658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T20:46:36Z","timestamp":1569530796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Association of Adolescent Sport Participation With Cognition and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Adam D.","family":"Bohr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Boardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"McQueen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25245"},{"key":"bibr2-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1513993"},{"key":"bibr3-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.10.050"},{"key":"bibr4-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050411"},{"key":"bibr5-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770808017X"},{"key":"bibr6-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1825"},{"key":"bibr7-2325967119868658","unstructured":"Child Trends Data Bank. Participation in school athletics. https:\/\/www.childtrends.org\/indicators\/participation-in-school-athletics. Accessed August 28, 2018."},{"key":"bibr8-2325967119868658","author":"Chung J","journal-title":"Star Tribune"},{"key":"bibr9-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0530-7"},{"key":"bibr10-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1317"},{"key":"bibr11-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000175725.75780.DD"},{"key":"bibr12-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180383da5"},{"key":"bibr13-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0421-3"},{"key":"bibr14-2325967119868658","volume-title":"The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), waves I and II, 1994-1996; wave III, 2001-2002; wave IV, 2007-2009","author":"Harris KM","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr15-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.137"},{"key":"bibr16-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaneurol.340"},{"key":"bibr17-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.09.004"},{"key":"bibr18-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2016.1247149"},{"key":"bibr19-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9442-0"},{"key":"bibr20-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905031000088869"},{"key":"bibr21-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146517715671"},{"key":"bibr22-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516645093"},{"key":"bibr23-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097791"},{"key":"bibr24-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.01.023"},{"key":"bibr25-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092248"},{"key":"bibr26-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3930"},{"key":"bibr27-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2016.1128751"},{"key":"bibr28-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507300261"},{"key":"bibr29-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4413"},{"key":"bibr30-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2005.0077"},{"key":"bibr31-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094978"},{"key":"bibr32-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700655066"},{"key":"bibr33-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"bibr34-2325967119868658","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development for R","author":"RStudio Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr35-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.12.016"},{"key":"bibr36-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx350"},{"key":"bibr37-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092758"},{"key":"bibr38-2325967119868658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325967119868658","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2325967119868658","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325967119868658","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:42:37Z","timestamp":1777592557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2325967119868658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2325967119868658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967119868658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9671","2325-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9671","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"article-number":"2325967119868658"}}