{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T02:03:16Z","timestamp":1782266596229,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repeated head impacts sustained by athletes have been linked to short-term neurophysiologic deficits; thus, there is growing concern about the number of head impacts sustained in sports. Accurate head impact exposure data obtained via head impact sensors may help identify appropriate strategies across sports and between genders to mitigate repetitive head impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify sport- and gender-based differences in head impact rate and mechanism for adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High school female and male varsity soccer, basketball, lacrosse, and field hockey (female only) teams were instrumented with headband-mounted impact sensors during games over 2 seasons of soccer and 1 season of basketball, lacrosse, and field hockey. Video review was used to remove false-positive sensor-recorded events, and the head impact rate per athlete-exposure (AE) was calculated. Impact mechanism was categorized as equipment to head, fall, player to head, or head to ball (soccer only).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male players had significantly higher head impact rates as compared with female players in soccer (3.08 vs 1.41 impacts\/AE; rate ratio, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.8-2.6]), basketball (0.90 vs 0.25; 3.6 [2.6-4.6]), and lacrosse (0.83 vs 0.06; 12.9 [10.1-15.8]). Impact mechanism distributions were similar within sports between boys and girls. In soccer, head to ball represented 78% of impacts, whereas at least 88% in basketball were player-to-player contact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across sports for boys and girls, soccer had the highest impact rate. Male high school soccer, basketball, and lacrosse teams had significantly higher head impact rates than did female teams of the same sport. For girls, basketball had a higher head impact rate than did lacrosse and field hockey, and for boys, basketball had a similar impact rate to lacrosse, a collision sport. Sport differences in the distribution of impact mechanisms create sport-specific targets for reducing head impact exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120984423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T09:56:05Z","timestamp":1614678965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Sport- and Gender-Based Differences in Head Impact Exposure and Mechanism in High School Sports"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Colin M.","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan A.","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine C.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Simms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie A.","family":"Lallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan S.","family":"Margulies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina L.","family":"Master","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy B.","family":"Arbogast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2017-0005"},{"key":"bibr2-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.03.016"},{"key":"bibr3-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02467-3"},{"key":"bibr4-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116678615"},{"key":"bibr5-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2017.1393756"},{"key":"bibr6-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0544-7"},{"key":"bibr7-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119835587"},{"key":"bibr8-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517724754"},{"issue":"29","key":"bibr9-2325967120984423","first-page":"733","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr10-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-017-0127-6"},{"key":"bibr11-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2018.1556102"},{"key":"bibr12-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515623272"},{"key":"bibr13-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517706703"},{"key":"bibr14-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/JAB.2014-0102"},{"key":"bibr15-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754337116658395"},{"key":"bibr16-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6724a3"},{"key":"bibr17-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2013-0102"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr18-2325967120984423","first-page":"350","volume":"34","author":"Haran FJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"bibr19-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1569290"},{"key":"bibr20-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.05.017"},{"key":"bibr21-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0423-7"},{"key":"bibr22-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.11.002"},{"key":"bibr23-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-90-17"},{"key":"bibr24-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511410655"},{"key":"bibr25-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118807678"},{"key":"bibr26-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518804498"},{"key":"bibr27-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511435626"},{"key":"bibr28-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.1.14"},{"key":"bibr29-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.08.003"},{"key":"bibr30-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2019.1590833"},{"key":"bibr31-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19425864-20160503-01"},{"key":"bibr32-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2017.120"},{"key":"bibr33-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19425864-20180802-02"},{"key":"bibr34-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050.52.2.05"},{"key":"bibr35-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.01.013"},{"key":"bibr36-2325967120984423","unstructured":"Oeur RA, Karton C, Hoshizaki TB, Kinetics H. Impact frequency validation of head impact sensor technology for use in sport. Presented at: 34th International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports; July 18-22, 2016; Tsukuba, Japan."},{"key":"bibr37-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520906406"},{"key":"bibr38-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000313"},{"key":"bibr39-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4308"},{"key":"bibr40-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117701708"},{"key":"bibr41-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516648442"},{"key":"bibr42-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02313-1"},{"key":"bibr43-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514530091"},{"key":"bibr44-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13562"},{"key":"bibr45-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.02.003"},{"key":"bibr46-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000324"},{"key":"bibr47-2325967120984423","unstructured":"The Outdoor Foundation. Outdoor participation report. Published online 2019. Accessed March 21, 2020. https:\/\/outdoorindustry.org\/resource\/2019-outdoor-participation-report"},{"key":"bibr48-2325967120984423","volume-title":"Laboratory Validation of the SIM-G Head Impact Sensor","author":"Triax Technologies","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr49-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0256"},{"key":"bibr50-2325967120984423","unstructured":"US Youth Soccer. US Youth Soccer policy on players and playing rules. Published online 2016. Accessed April 21, 2020. http:\/\/www.usyouthsoccer.org\/aboutus\/WhatIsYouthSoccer"},{"key":"bibr51-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0231"},{"key":"bibr52-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.10.004"},{"key":"bibr53-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17864-3"},{"key":"bibr54-2325967120984423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1203"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325967120984423","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2325967120984423","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2325967120984423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:51:39Z","timestamp":1777593099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2325967120984423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2325967120984423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967120984423","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9671","2325-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9671","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"article-number":"2325967120984423"}}