{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:39:02Z","timestamp":1777880342279,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous studies have discussed the risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball players worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the risk factors for pitching-related shoulder and elbow injuries in Taiwanese high school pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Included in the study were 144 pitchers from 11 top-ranked Taiwanese high school baseball teams between 2016 and 2017 high school baseball season. The participants answered a 55-item questionnaire concerning physical characteristics, pitching activities, injury history, and off-season activities. Univariate analyses were conducted separately for participants with and those without a pitching-related injury in the 12-month study period. The chi-square test or Fisher exact test was applied to categorical variables, and the F test or t test was applied to continuous variables. A stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to pitching-related injuries, and those results were calculated as odds ratios (ORs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Having a pitching-related injury was significantly related to the number of pitches per week in the past 12 months (OR, 1.01; P = .006), pain over the shoulder and\/or elbow in the past 12 months (OR, 3.56; P = .008), pitching competitive baseball for more than 8 of the past 12 months (OR, 2.53; P = .036), throwing sliders (OR, 2.97; P = .026), and lack of participating in other over-the-shoulder activities (0.03-0.11 fewer odds; P \u2264 .010).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For elite high school pitchers in Taiwan, pitching-related shoulder and elbow injuries were related to the number of pitches per week, pitching competitive baseball for more than 8 of the past 12 months, pain over the shoulder and\/or elbow in the past 12 months, throwing sliders, and a lack of participation in other sports with over-the-shoulder activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221093960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T11:45:48Z","timestamp":1653306348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Elite Taiwanese High School Baseball Pitchers From 2016 to 2017"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yi","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."},{"name":"Center of Comprehensive Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."},{"name":"Center of Comprehensive Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvin Chao-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan."},{"name":"Comprehensive Sports Medicine Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Sheng","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan."},{"name":"Comprehensive Sports Medicine Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hao","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Sports Medicine Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan."},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23259671221093960","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119825557"},{"key":"bibr2-23259671221093960","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336721"},{"key":"bibr3-23259671221093960","unstructured":"American Sports Medicine Institute. 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