{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:39:08Z","timestamp":1777880348029,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Augmentation of anterior glenoid defects with bone graft can improve shoulder stability and reduce the risk of redislocation. Several characteristics of the scapular spine may make it a suitable harvest site, avoiding the disadvantages associated with other glenoid augmentation procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the capacity of scapular spine autograft to restore the stabilizing joint-reaction forces of the shoulder in simulated scenarios of bony anterior shoulder instability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained 6 matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders. Skin, subcutaneous tissues, and non\u2013rotator cuff muscles were removed from the specimens, leaving intact the rotator cuff musculature and shoulder capsule. A customized testing device was used to translate the humerus 1 cm anteriorly on the glenoid under 25 N of axial compression force. The peak joint-reaction force of the glenohumeral joint was then measured under 3 conditions: (1) specimen with intact glenoid, (2) specimen after a bone defect measuring 25% of the maximal width of the glenoid was made in the anteroinferior glenoid, and (3) specimen after size-matched glenoid augmentation with a scapular spine tricortical autograft. The primary outcome was the change in peak joint-reaction forces between the defect state and augmented state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One matched pair was removed from final analysis secondary to anatomic concerns that undermined the accuracy of test results. Among the 10 remaining specimens, all showed a significant decrease in peak joint-reaction force after the glenoid defect was created compared with the intact state ( P &lt; .001). All remaining specimens showed an increase in peak joint-reaction force in the augmented state compared with the defect state ( P &lt; .001). On average, the augmented state restored 81% of the peak reaction force of the glenohumeral joint compared with the intact state, a nonsignificant difference ( P = .07).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings indicated that autograft harvested from the scapular spine increased the bony restraint to anterior shoulder dislocation in shoulders with glenoid bone loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The scapular spine is an alternative for bony augmentation of glenoid defects in shoulder instability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221096682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T18:43:20Z","timestamp":1652899400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biomechanical Testing of Scapular Spine Autograft for Anterior Glenoid Bone Augmentation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marcus","family":"Mittelsteadt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."},{"name":"TRIA Orthopedic Center, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric 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USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01983"},{"key":"bibr2-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3691-x"},{"key":"bibr3-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573217728716"},{"key":"bibr4-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971020-00006"},{"key":"bibr5-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200001000-00005"},{"key":"bibr6-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200308000-00012"},{"key":"bibr7-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.04.005"},{"key":"bibr8-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6042.145269"},{"key":"bibr9-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200509000-00009"},{"key":"bibr10-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016470310013734"},{"key":"bibr11-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118786697"},{"key":"bibr12-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517716927"},{"key":"bibr13-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519861965"},{"key":"bibr14-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(90)90062-Z"},{"key":"bibr15-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI-07\/11\/557"},{"key":"bibr16-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281798"},{"key":"bibr17-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00777"},{"key":"bibr18-23259671221096682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00261"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedic 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