{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:07:50Z","timestamp":1784365670730,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little League elbow, including humeral epicondylitis and osteochondritis dissecans, is a severe throwing injury in school-aged pitchers. Recent rule revisions have been implemented, and thus, prevention awareness may have increased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the incidence of elbow injury in 2011 from a previous study with that in 2021 and examine changes in the incidence and characteristics of players with elbow injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey based on the 2011 survey was conducted from September 1 to December 31, 2021, among 4060 third- to sixth-grade Little League players belonging to 203 teams in Kyoto, Japan. This survey included a 23-item checklist on physical condition and injury. The participants were classified into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of an elbow injury in the dominant arm during the season. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to compare differences in basic information between the 2 groups. We also compared the differences in the 23 checklist items between the 2 groups using the chi-square or Fisher exact probability test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 98 teams (1335 players; age range, 8-12\u2009years) returned the questionnaires (collection rate, 32.9%). The final analysis population (excluding incomplete questionnaires) was 678 (mean age, 10.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u2009years). Elbow injuries accounted for 30.7% of all injury sites in the players. Overall, 61 players (9.0%) reported elbow injuries in 2021 compared with 19.1% of the players in the 2011 survey ( P\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) A significantly higher percentage of players with elbow injuries had elbow pain in extension (item 2 on the survey checklist, P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and flexion (item 4, P\u2009&lt;\u2009.0024), were regular players (item 5, P\u2009=\u2009.0288), played baseball under fatigue (item 8, P\u2009=\u2009.0028), and had lower and upper limb inflexibility (item 17, P\u2009=\u2009.0379; item 18, P\u2009=\u2009.0146; and item 22, P\u2009=\u2009.0085).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study findings indicated that the incidence of elbow injuries has decreased significantly over the past 10\u2009years, although the elbow joint still accounted for almost one-third of all injuries in Japanese youth baseball players.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671231200844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T13:51:26Z","timestamp":1697205086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Incidence and Characteristics of Elbow Injury in Japanese Youth Baseball Players: Comparison Between 2011 and 2021"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chika","family":"Kouno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyu","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rika","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukinobu","family":"Tahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefecture Sports Little League Baseball Association, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momoko","family":"Nagai-Tanima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23259671231200844","unstructured":"Baseball Federation of Japan. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association Corporation [in Japanese]. https:\/\/www.joa.or.jp\/media\/comment\/pdf\/2016_survey_childrensbaseball.pdf. Report on the Field Survey of Youth Baseball in 2014. Accessed April 5, 2015."},{"key":"bibr2-23259671231200844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509360404"},{"key":"bibr3-23259671231200844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384224"},{"key":"bibr4-23259671231200844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199621060-00004"},{"key":"bibr5-23259671231200844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181b7ee5f"},{"key":"bibr6-23259671231200844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.10.022"},{"key":"bibr7-23259671231200844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112439695"},{"key":"bibr8-23259671231200844","unstructured":"Japan Boys League Incorporated. Pitching Limit Guidelines [in Japanese]. https:\/\/boysleague-jp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/tamakazugaido_4.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2022."},{"key":"bibr9-23259671231200844","unstructured":"Japan Rubber Baseball Association. Registered Teams [in Japanese]. https:\/\/jsbb.or.jp\/outline\/teams\/. Accessed November 5, 2022."},{"key":"bibr10-23259671231200844","unstructured":"Japan Rubber Baseball Association. Rules Applicable to Association [in Japanese]. https:\/\/jsbb.or.jp\/rule\/. 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