{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:22:47Z","timestamp":1785306167236,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant psychological impact and prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been well documented in patients sustaining anterior cruciate ligament injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine PTSD symptomatology in baseball players after sustaining elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male baseball players of various competition levels (high school through Minor League Baseball [MiLB]) who underwent surgery for a UCL injury between April 2019 and June 2022 participated in the study. Before surgery, patients completed the Impact of Event Scale\u2013Revised (IES-R) to assess PTSD symptomatology. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to level of play and player position.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 104 male baseball players with a mean age of 19.4 years (range, 15-29 years) were included in the study; 32 players (30.8%) were in high school, 65 (62.5%) were in college, and 7 (6.7%) were in MiLB. There were 64 (61.5%) pitchers, 18 (17.3%) position players, and 22 (21.2%) 2-way players (both pitching and playing on the field). A total of 30 (28.8%) patients scored high enough on the IES-R to support PTSD as a probable diagnosis, and another 22 patients (21.2%) scored high enough to support PTSD as a clinical concern. Nineteen patients (18.3%) had potentially severe PTSD. Only 4 players (3.8%) were completely asymptomatic. Subgroup analysis revealed college players as significantly more symptomatic than high school players (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .02), and 2-way players were found to be significantly less susceptible to developing symptoms of PTSD compared with pitchers (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly 30% of baseball players who sustained a UCL injury qualified for a probable diagnosis of PTSD based on the IES-R. Pitchers and college athletes were at increased risk for PTSD after UCL injury compared with 2-way players and high school athletes, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241246061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T11:53:20Z","timestamp":1716206000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Psychological Impact and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Baseball Players"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira","family":"Skaggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasani W.","family":"Swindell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan W.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513489284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200203000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638280903419269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20090502-01"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Athletic identity: Hercules\u2019 muscles or Achilles heel?","volume":"24","author":"Brewer BW","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brewer BW, Van Raalte JL, Linder DE. Athletic identity: Hercules\u2019 muscles or Achilles heel? Int J Sport Psychol. 1993;24(4):237-254.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2016.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221125746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9458-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119861101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.46.1.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519833684"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117713987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2699-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.4.1.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm3101_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512456836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199904000-00004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Features of posttraumatic distress among adolescent athletes","volume":"38","author":"Newcomer RR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Newcomer RR, Perna FM. Features of posttraumatic distress among adolescent athletes. J Athl Train. 2003;38(2):163-166.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118787159","article-title":"Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among young athletes after anterior cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"6","author":"Padaki AS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Padaki AS, Noticewala MS, Levine WN, Ahmad CS, Popkin MK, Popkin CA. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among young athletes after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(7):2325967118787159.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","article-title":"Outcomes and return to sport after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in adolescent baseball players","volume":"6","author":"Saper M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saper M, Shung J, Pearce S, Bompadre V, Andrews JR. Outcomes and return to sport after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in adolescent baseball players. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(4):2325967118769328.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510372798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120913013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120966310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0433-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Measurement of Stress, Trauma, and Adaptation","author":"Weiss D","unstructured":"Weiss D. Psychometric review of the Impact of Event Scale\u2013Revised. In: Stamm BH, ed. Measurement of Stress, Trauma, and Adaptation. Sidran Press; 1996:186-188."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v7.i11.709"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23259671241246061","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23259671241246061","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23259671241246061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:19:24Z","timestamp":1777594764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23259671241246061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23259671241246061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671241246061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9671","2325-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9671","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"article-number":"23259671241246061"}}