{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:42:59Z","timestamp":1793256179133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When the lead leg of a pitcher contacts the ground, the knee braces and then rapidly extends, initiating energy transfer to begin pelvis and trunk rotation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the relationship of lead knee extension during the pitching delivery with peak lead knee extension velocity, ball velocity, and elbow varus torque in high school and professional pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 50 professional (PRO) and 50 high school (HS) pitcher groups were retrospectively analyzed. Pitchers threw 8 to 12 fastballs under 3-dimensional motion analysis (480 Hz). The groups were divided according to high or low lead knee extension: PRO-high (n = 18), PRO-low (n = 16), HS-high (n = 16), and HS-low (n = 17). Lead knee flexion, lead knee extension velocity, ball velocity, and elbow varus torque were analyzed between groups. Regression analyses were performed to quantify associations between lead knee extension and ball velocity and elbow varus torque for all pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At foot contact, all pitchers landed with similar knee flexion. PRO-high and HS-high pitchers had significantly greater lead knee extension through remaining pitching time points compared with the PRO-low and HS-low pitchers. PRO-high pitchers had faster ball velocity than PRO-low pitchers (39.8 \u00b1 1.1 vs 39.3 \u00b1 1.3 m\/s, respectively), and HS-high pitchers had faster ball velocity than HS-low pitchers (34.1 \u00b1 2.6 vs 31.2 \u00b1 1.8 m\/s, respectively) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). PRO-high pitchers had decreased elbow varus torque compared with PRO-low pitchers (85.3 \u00b1 10.7 vs 95.4 \u00b1 13.3 N\u00b7m, respectively); conversely, HS-high pitchers had greater elbow varus torque than HS-low pitchers (64.2 \u00b1 14.7 vs 56.3 \u00b1 12.2 N\u00b7m, respectively). For every 1\u00b0 increase in lead knee extension, ball velocity increased by 0.47 m\/s (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and elbow varus torque increased by 0.27 N\u00b7m (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .025).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proper lead knee extension allowed efficient energy transfer through the kinetic chain to produce optimal ball velocity and minimize elbow varus torque in professional pitchers. Conversely, while proper lead knee extension improved ball velocity among high school pitchers, this did not minimize elbow varus torque.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Professional pitchers can extend their lead knee with minimal impact at the elbow. In high school pitchers, cognizance of proper full-body pitching mechanics remains a priority over increased velocity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241257539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T04:53:11Z","timestamp":1723783991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Influence of Lead Knee Extension on Ball Velocity and Elbow Varus Torque in Professional and High School Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-3658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany","family":"Dowling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hodakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush University Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Brusalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheal J.","family":"Luera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tarleton State University, Stephensville, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tarleton State University, Stephensville, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil N.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant E.","family":"Garrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119827924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(03)00389-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116686545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509340226"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381221078537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115581594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221130340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2022.2050801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507308938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140208522798"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"403","article-title":"Three-dimensional interactions in a two-segment kinetic chain: part 1, general model","volume":"5","author":"Feltner ME","year":"1989","unstructured":"Feltner ME, Dapena J. Three-dimensional interactions in a two-segment kinetic chain: part 1, general model. J Appl Biomech. 1989;5(4):403-419.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00127-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2016.1159319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31824e1211"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"246","article-title":"Difference between adolescent and collegiate baseball pitchers in the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limbs and trunk during pitching motion","volume":"14","author":"Kageyama M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kageyama M, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Maeda A. Difference between adolescent and collegiate baseball pitchers in the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limbs and trunk during pitching motion. J Sports Sci Med. 2015;14(2):246-255.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"742","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic profiles of trunk and lower limbs during baseball pitching in collegiate pitchers","volume":"13","author":"Kageyama M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kageyama M, Sugiyama T, Takai Y, Kanehisa H, Maeda A. Kinematic and kinetic profiles of trunk and lower limbs during baseball pitching in collegiate pitchers. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(4):742-750.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31816d7258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Rehabilitation of the Injured Knee","author":"Kibler WB","unstructured":"Kibler WB, Chandler J. Baseball and tennis. In: Griffin LY, ed. Rehabilitation of the Injured Knee. Mosby; 1995:218-226."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118760780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2019-0235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260014101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211041381"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211067824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.17.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jses.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513496547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514536871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90084-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1503321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2021.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2022.2046143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.21.1.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120968068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Biomechanics","author":"Toyoshima S","unstructured":"Toyoshima S, Hoshikawa T, Miyashita M. The contribution of the body parts to throwing performance. In: Nelson R, Morehouse C, eds. Biomechanics. Vol 4. University Park Press; 1974:169-174."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6020051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.121481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00017-C"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23259671241257539","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23259671241257539","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23259671241257539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:20:01Z","timestamp":1777594801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23259671241257539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23259671241257539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671241257539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9671","2325-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9671","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"article-number":"23259671241257539"}}