{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:57:17Z","timestamp":1793059037558,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few longitudinal studies exist comparing medical procedures after football injuries on artificial and natural grass surfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to specifically compare imaging and surgical procedures after surface-related collegiate football injuries on artificial turf versus natural grass. It was hypothesized that there would be no difference in the incidence of imaging and surgical procedures, combined medical procedures, or combined substantial and severe injuries over time between these surfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 39 universities across all Football Bowl Subdivision conferences were evaluated over 15 seasons (2006-2020). Playing surfaces evaluated were either a heavyweight artificial turf infill system (\u22659.0 lb infill\/ft\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) or natural grass. Outcomes of interest included medical procedures across injury category, primary injury type, injury location, and specific procedures. Data involved multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) and Wilks \u03bb criteria using general linear model procedures and were expressed as medical procedure incidence rates (IRs) per 10-game season.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 2224 games were documented: 1106 (49.7%) on artificial turf and 1118 (50.3%) on natural grass. Of the 9137 total injuries reported, 4010 (44%) were surface-related cases. MANOVA indicated significant main effects between surfaces according to imaging procedure ( F\n                      <jats:sub>2,1738<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 4.718; P = .009), surgical procedure ( F\n                      <jats:sub>1,539<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 5.974; P = .003), and medical diagnosis ( F\n                      <jats:sub>2,456<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 2.643; P = .040). Post hoc analyses indicated significantly lower ( P &lt; .05) incidences on artificial turf versus natural grass, respectively, for the following outcomes: imaging procedures ordered after player-to-surface impact trauma (IR [95% CI], 1.5 [1.3-1.8] vs 2.1 [1.9-2.4]), shoe-to-surface trauma during physical contact (4.4 [4.1-4.7] vs 5.2 [4.9-5.5]), foot injuries (0.6 [0.5-0.7] vs 1.1 [0.9-1.2]), ligament sprains\/tears (4.6 [4.3-4.9] vs 5.3 [5.0-5.6]), muscle strains\/tears (0.2 [0.2-0.3] vs 0.7 [0.6-0.9]), surgeries performed after shoe-to-surface trauma during physical contact (1.1 [0.9-1.3] vs 1.6 [1.4-1.8]), lower body surgeries (1.8 [1.6-2.0] vs 2.3 [2.1-2.6]), and surgeries involving ligament tears (1.0 [0.9-1.2] vs 1.5 [1.3-1.7]), as well as fewer diagnoses of syndesmosis sprains\/tears (0.7 [0.5-0.8] vs 1.0 [0.8-1.2]) and Lisfranc trauma (0.3 [0.2-0.4] vs 0.5 [0.4-0.7]). Trends over the 15 seasons indicated a significant rise in combined medical procedures ( P = .005) and combined substantial and severe injuries ( P = .0007) irrespective of surface.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicated that collegiate football competition on heavyweight artificial turf resulted in lower incidences of imaging and surgical procedures and medical diagnoses compared with natural grass.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241274144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T16:58:45Z","timestamp":1727110725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Imaging and Surgical Procedures After Surface-Related Collegiate Football Injuries on Artificial Turf 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