{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1777880963907,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excessive external rotation of the glenohumeral joint during the late cocking phase of throwing is a factor in internal impingement; however, the relationship between maximum external rotation (MER) of the glenohumeral joint and morphological changes in the shoulder joint is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To clarify whether glenohumeral MER is associated with quantified assessment of morphological changes in the throwing shoulder joint.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 15 male university and adult baseball players from a competitive team. The posterior glenohumeral distance (mm) and area of impingement (mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), reflecting morphological changes in the shoulder joint, were measured using open magnetic resonance imaging. The percent posterior glenohumeral distance (%PGHD) and percent area of impingement (%AOI) were calculated as these values of the throwing shoulder divided by those of the nonthrowing shoulder. With a 3-dimensional motion analysis system, bar markers were affixed to the acromion and humerus, and the glenohumeral MER angle was measured.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Simple linear regression analysis revealed that the glenohumeral MER angle was associated with the %PGHD (\u03b2 coefficient = 0.685;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005) and %AOI (\u03b2 coefficient = 0.754;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The glenohumeral MER angle was associated with the %PGHD and %AOI, which reflects morphological shoulder-joint changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assessment of excessive external rotation of the glenohumeral joint during the late cocking phase contributes to the understanding of morphological changes in the shoulder joint and related throwing injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671251343232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T13:52:04Z","timestamp":1750168324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association Between Shoulder Morphological Changes and Glenohumeral Maximum External Rotation During Late Cocking Phase"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Makoto","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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