{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:02:57Z","timestamp":1792458177452,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Symptomatic genu recurvatum (GR) continues to be a challenge for clinicians. Patients may present with pain, weakness, and instability, which can lead to significant functional impairment. Currently, there are few reports discussing the treatment options and clinical outcomes of patients with symptomatic GR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The main objective of this study was to present the radiographic and functional outcomes of tuberosity-sparing anterior opening-wedge tibial osteotomy (TAOWTO) for symptomatic GR. It was hypothesized that TAOWTO can adequately correct the deformity and allow patients to have symptomatic relief after the procedure without compromising patellofemoral joint function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case series. Level of evidence, 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study was performed at a single, tertiary referral center. All patients underwent a TAOWTO performed by a single surgeon between January 2016 and January 2021. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were analyzed for posterior proximal tibial angle (PPTA), recurvatum angle, pertinent lower extremity alignment parameters, and patellar height. All patients were clinically evaluated pre- and postoperatively for the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After exclusions, 30 patients were included in the study. The mean age at the time of surgery was 22.6 \u00b1 3.5 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 25.2 \u00b1 7.8 (median, 35; range, 20.1-27.5) months. The causes of recurvatum were posttraumatic (53.3%), posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency (16.7%), anterior epiphysiodesis (6.7%), and soft tissue laxity (23.3%). The PPTA (in degrees) before and after the surgery was 94.2 \u00b1 2.7 and 85.8 \u00b1 1.8, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001). There were no significant changes in hip-knee angle, medial proximal tibial angle (in degrees) and Caton-Deschamps index. In addition, the recurvatum angle was significantly reduced (12.0 \u00b1 2.9 vs 2.9 \u00b1 1.7;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001). All domains of KOOS (Pain, Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living, Quality of Life, and Sport and Recreation) were significantly improved after the surgery (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TAOWTO was an effective surgical procedure for patients with symptomatic GR. It reliably corrected the PPTA and recurvatum angle, while maintaining the native coronal alignment and patellar height. Patients also had significant symptomatic relief and functional improvement in both daily and sports activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671251356689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T12:49:11Z","timestamp":1754398151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tuberosity-Sparing Anterior Opening-Wedge Tibial Osteotomy for Correcting Recurvatum: Effects on Functional Scores, Lower Limb Coronal Alignment, and Patellar Height"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Te-Feng Arthur","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Sung","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiemi A.","family":"Douoguih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar Lafayette Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Ollivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Locomotion, Center for Arthritis Surgery, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10080-1569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2019.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198310000-00030"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"[Patella infera. 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