{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:50:39Z","timestamp":1777881039478,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent baseball pitchers are vulnerable to upper-extremity injuries because of the repetitive, high-stress nature of throwing movements. While shoulder strength and range of motion (ROM) are commonly measured, they are often interpreted in isolation during injury prevention assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the relationship between clinical measures (shoulder ROM and strength) and throwing arm joint kinetics in adolescent baseball pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted in a laboratory setting. A total of 43 adolescent baseball pitchers (age, 15-18 years) were recruited through convenience sampling. Participants underwent clinical assessments of shoulder ROM and isokinetic concentric strength testing. Pitching biomechanics were analyzed to obtain elbow valgus torque, shoulder distraction force, shoulder internal rotational (IR) torque, and ball velocity. A stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to assess shoulder strength and ROM as predictors of pitching kinetics and ball velocity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A stepwise regression analysis showed that elbow valgus torque (92.1 \u00b1 24.9 N\u00b7m) was positively associated with increased shoulder IR strength at 60 deg\/sec and negatively associated with total arc ROM (IR strength, 68.3 \u00b1 17.3 N\u00b7m; total arc, 172.8\u00b0\u00b1 19.2\u00b0; adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = .258;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Peak shoulder distraction force (1238.9 \u00b1 361.2 N) was positively associated with shoulder external rotation (ER) strength at 60 deg\/sec (41.3 \u00b1 10.8 N\u00b7m; \u03b2 = .465; adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = .197;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .002). Peak shoulder IR torque (113.7 \u00b1 37.4 N\u00b7m) was positively associated with shoulder IR strength (\u03b2 = .421; adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =.157;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005). Higher ball velocity (125.9 \u00b1 8.7 km\/h) was linked with higher shoulder IR strength (\u03b2 = .390; adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =.131;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .010). There were moderate to strong positive relationships between ball velocity and pitching kinetics (Pearson\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      value: valgus torque, 0.603; distraction force, 0.594; shoulder IR torque, 0.865;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\/Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pitchers with greater shoulder IR strength and reduced total arc ROM demonstrated increased elbow valgus torque at maximal shoulder ER during pitching. Although IR strength is crucial for generating ball velocity, maintaining total arc ROM within an optimal range will help reduce elbow joint stress. In addition, shoulder ER was positively associated with peak shoulder distraction force. Monitoring ER strength may help identify potential fatigue or imbalance, allowing for timely clinical attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671251389223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T15:38:22Z","timestamp":1770392302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shoulder Strength and Total Arc Range of Motion: Associations With Upper-Extremity Joint Kinetics and Ball Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Ide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0910-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takato","family":"Ogasawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1204-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam B.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Knarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Akehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.1.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510363402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2017.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-439-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509360404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1466-853X(00)90025-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004246"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"74","article-title":"The effects of repetitive overhead throwing on shoulder rotator isokinetic work-fatigue","volume":"2","author":"Dale RB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dale RB, Kovaleski JE, Ogletree T, Heitman RJ, Norrell PM. 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