{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:08:41Z","timestamp":1789049321233,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shoulder capsulolabral injuries are a major source of disability in Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. The introduction of Statcast pitch tracking now enables population-level analysis of shoulder injury mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to identify preinjury kinematic risk factors for arthroscopic capsulolabral repair. It was hypothesized that pitchers who sustain capsulolabral injuries show preinjury kinematic deviations detectable on Statcast data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MLB pitchers undergoing primary capsulolabral repair between 2017 and 2024 (n = 27) were matched 1:2 to uninjured controls (n = 54) by age, role, handedness, season, and pitch count. Statcast pitch-level data were analyzed across 2 consecutive seasons preceding surgery, yielding 161,979 pitches. Six kinematic variables (release speed, spin rate, arm angle, extension, and horizontal and vertical release position) were extracted across 7 pitch types. To identify potential risk factors and preinjury warning signs, 3 complementary analyses were performed. First, a baseline analysis compared mean kinematic profiles and within-outing variability during the preinjury season (season 1) to characterize potential inherent risk profiles. Second, a longitudinal analysis evaluated change scores across 3 intervals including within season 1, across the winter offseason, and within the injury season, by comparing the first 3 versus last 3 qualifying outings of each period to assess potential progressive trends preceding surgery. Third, to identify acute warning signs, a separate analysis modeled linear trends across the final 5 outings immediately preceding injured list placement. Analyses used linear mixed-effects models with clustered standard errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At baseline (season 1), cases demonstrated significantly higher mean velocity and spin, and lower variability in arm angle and release speed, compared with controls across pitch types. On 4-seam fastballs and sinkers, this corresponded to approximately +1.46 mph and +1.57 mph higher velocity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .009 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .006, respectively). Standardized effects showed higher spin rate (\u03b2 = +0.32 SD;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .02) and lower variability in arm angle (\u03b2 = \u22120.58 SD;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005) and release speed (\u03b2 = \u22120.37 SD;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .007). During the injury season (season 2), cases showed a significantly greater decline in velocity on fastballs (\u20130.68 mph;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .009) and breaking balls (\u20131.07 mph;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .003). In the final 5 outings before surgery, cases demonstrated a progressive, linear loss on fastball velocity (\u20130.20 mph\/outing) and breaking ball velocity (\u20130.30 mph\/outing; both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001), while other kinematic measures remained stable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MLB pitchers who required arthroscopic capsulolabral repair demonstrated a pitch profile characterized by higher velocity and spin coupled with reduced pitch-to-pitch variability. Progressive fastball and breaking ball velocity decline was the clearest marker of impending injury, highlighting a measurable preinjury signature that may inform early detection and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671261431839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:46:26Z","timestamp":1788871586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pitch-Tracking Risk Factors and Warning Signs for Shoulder Capsulolabral Injuries in Major League Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5032-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan R.","family":"Dillon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center\u2013New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0623-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Frappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1310-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danil","family":"Chernov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9714-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Luzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center\u2013New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Alben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2133-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Muscat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen F.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. M. D. and M.A.M contributed equally to this paper"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center\u2013New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ablove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center\u2013New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119825557"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658501300508"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"Baseball savant. baseballsavant.com. Accessed July 14 2025. https:\/\/baseballsavant.mlb.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519832525"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116686545"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211065756"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290040801"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2023.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.18.2.402"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","volume":"13","author":"Dillon M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dillon M, Mastroianni MA, Frappa N, et al. Using Pitch-Tracking Metrics to Identify Warning Signs Immediately Prior to Acute Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Major League Baseball Players. 2025;13(12):23259671251389226.","journal-title":"Using Pitch-Tracking Metrics to Identify Warning Signs Immediately Prior to Acute Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Major League Baseball Players"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Fangraphs. Accessed August 24 2025. https:\/\/www.fangraphs.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2019.1629705"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221140853"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2019.1642378"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181aad7b1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113482673"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211015435"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200411000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200306000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-025-01138-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.025072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513491093"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2021.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251411298"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241302432"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251330564"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211012364"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280022301"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09763-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","unstructured":"MLB 2022 injured reserve tracker and spotrac. Accessed August 24 2025. https:\/\/www.spotrac.com\/mlb\/disabled-list\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.04.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518760573"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241264260"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"The shoulder in baseball pitching: biomechanics and related injuries\u2014part 1","volume":"61","author":"Park SS","year":"2002","unstructured":"Park SS, Loebenberg ML, Rokito AS, Zuckerman JD. The shoulder in baseball pitching: biomechanics and related injuries\u2014part 1. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 2002;61(1-2):68-79.","journal-title":"Bull Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119826540"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511411700"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116675822"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2021.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136549"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Are UCL injuries a matter of bad luck?: the role of variability and fatigue quantified","volume":"49","author":"van Trigt B","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Trigt B, Leenen AJR, Hoozemans MJM, van der Helm FCT, Veeger D. Are UCL injuries a matter of bad luck?: the role of variability and fatigue quantified. Proceedings. 2020;49(1):107","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Kinematic description of elite vs. Low level players in team-handball jump throw","volume":"9","author":"Wagner H","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wagner H, Buchecker M, von Duvillard SP, M\u00fcller E. Kinematic description of elite vs. Low level players in team-handball jump throw. J Sports Sci Med. 2010;9(1):15-23.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290031701"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S42352"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23259671261431839","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23259671261431839","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23259671261431839","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:19:20Z","timestamp":1789046360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23259671261431839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23259671261431839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671261431839","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-9671","2325-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-9671","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"article-number":"23259671261431839"}}