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A successful response to such crises demands the swift and ongoing synthesis of information and activities across multiple sectors, including government, healthcare, and private industry. However, these systems are often managed in isolation, leading to misaligned policies, fragmented communications, and inefficiencies that hinder pandemic response efforts. To address these challenges, we propose adopting a systems-of-systems (SOS) paradigm to enhance epidemic intelligence and improve preparedness and response during infectious disease emergencies. The SOS approach, widely used in engineering, offers a framework for integrating diverse fields such as virology, ecology, psychology, and policy. We illustrate the potential of this approach using highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) as a case study and discuss key considerations for implementing SOS thinking in the context of global epidemic intelligence systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23265094251396048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T19:39:04Z","timestamp":1765395544000},"page":"400-410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leveraging Systems-of-Systems Analysis to Strengthen Epidemic Intelligence for Preparedness and Response"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Drake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John M. Drake, PhD, is a Professor, Odum School of Ecology; Justin Bahl, PhD, is a Professor Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Infectious Diseases; Michael A. Cacciatore, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication; Glen Nowak, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Advertising and Public Relations; \u00c9ric Marty, PhD, is a Research Professional, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases; Pejman Rohani, PhD, is a Professor, Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases; Sukanta Sarkar, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Associate, Odum School of Ecology; Guppy L. Stott, is a Graduate Student, Institute of Bioinformatics; and Amy K. Winter, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics: all at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA. Amin Ghadami, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John M. 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Stott, is a Graduate Student, Institute of Bioinformatics; and Amy K. Winter, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics: all at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA. Amin Ghadami, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Ghadami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John M. Drake, PhD, is a Professor, Odum School of Ecology; Justin Bahl, PhD, is a Professor Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Infectious Diseases; Michael A. 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